Local strain distribution near grain boundaries under tensile stresses in highly irradiated SUS316 stainless steel

Local strain near grain boundaries under tensile stress was examined using the EBSD technique for cold-worked SUS316 stainless steel irradiated to 73 dpa. Distribution of misorientation in the same areas was analyzed while macroscopically deforming the specimen at an elastic strain level of 0.03% and a plastic strain level of 3%. A clear increase in local strain was detected within 4 μm from the grain boundaries at the 3% plastic strain. It was confirmed that high local strain was produced at the 0.03% elastic strain near the grain boundaries which exhibited higher misorientations at the plastic strain. Detailed analysis in areas within 1 μm from individual grain boundaries also revealed that local strain was increased at some boundaries at the 0.03% elastic strain.     

High-Density Polyethylene(HDPE) Surface Treatment Using an RF Capacitive Atmospheric Pressure Cold Ar Plasma Jet

In this study,a high-density polyethylene（HDPE,5-mm-thick,0.95 g/cm3） surface was treated using an RF capacitive atmospheric pressure cold Ar plasma jet.By using this Ar plasma jet,a hydrophilic HDPE surface was formed during the plasma treatment.In particular, the effects of an additive gas（N₂ or O2） on the HDPE surface treatment were investigated in detail.It was shown that the addition of N2 or O2 gas had an important influence on the HDPE surface treatment.Compared to pure Ar plasma treatment,a lower value of water contact angle （WCA） was obtained when a trace of N2 or O2 gas was added.It was also found that besides the quantities of active species in the plasma jet,the treatment temperature played an important role in the HDPE surface treatment.This is because surface molecular motion is not negligible when the treatment temperature is close to the melting point of the polymer.     

Ethylene–propylene copolymer/ordered polysilsesquioxane nanocomposites prepared via organic acid‐ or base‐catalyzed binary silica water‐crosslinking reactions

In situ silica sol–gel‐derived organic–inorganic hybrid materials, which comprise a vinyltrimethoxysilane‐grafted ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPR‐g‐VTMS) and n‐hexyltrimethoxysilane (HTMS), were successfully prepared in the presence of an organic acid and base catalyst. Benzenesulfonic acid and aniline were selected as the organic acid and base catalyst, respectively, to examine the progress and effect of progressive changes in the silane water‐crosslinking reaction of EPR‐g‐VTMS/HTMS composites. The water‐crosslinked EPR‐g‐VTMS/HTMS composites were characterized by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel content, solid‐state ²⁹Si cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning NMR, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, tensile strength and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy measurements. These results revealed that the type of catalyst has a substantial influence on the nature of siloxane bonds and eventually the physical tensile properties of the water‐crosslinked EPR‐g‐VTMS/HTMS composites, which can be explained mainly from knowledge of the traditional acid‐ and base‐catalyzed silica sol–gel reaction. Moreover, an in‐depth analysis of the aniline‐catalyzed composites indicated the formation of ladder‐type poly(n‐hexylsilsesquioxane)s and the presence of a highly ordered structure with a thickness equal to the length of two n‐hexyl groups in all‐trans conformation. We demonstrate potential for the future design of highly ordered silicate‐based organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Supramolecular Materials from Inorganic Building Blocks

Inorganic materials of nanometric dimensions and controllable morphologies are now widely available permitting their use as building blocks in supramolecular structures. Incorporation of inorganic blocks into hybrid structures can yield unique materials that have no naturally occurring or organic synthetic analogues. In this short review, we describe the construction and functions of supramolecular materials prepared using inorganic building blocks, with emphasis on material-like components. Examples described in this review are categorized as (i) inorganic structures within organic assemblies (silica-supported Langmuir monolayers, organic–inorganic lipid bilayer vesicles etc.), (ii) organic components in inorganic nanospaces (mesoporous materials including biocomponents such as peptides and proteins), (iii) organic/inorganic nanohybrid blends (nanorod-liquid crystal blends and surfactant-guided gold nanostructures), and (iv) hierarchic structures (layer-by-layer assemblies of mesoporlous carbons and capsules).     

No. 5Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 110–120, 2008Design and development of an innovative hybrid powder based on a computer simulation and its application to base make up products

An innovative hybrid powder prepared through computer simulation allowed a new foundation to be developed having a fine, smooth texture that has never been achieved before. The optical structure/design of the powder was based on the results of measurements and analyses conductedon the optical characteristics of a baby's fine skin that is the envy of many women. In order to achieve the optimal optical characteristics, the Finite Differential Time Domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's differential equation by difference and time domain was applied to the computer simulation method. For the synthesis of the hybrid powder based on the optical model, a proprietary shape regulation coating technology was used, in which flaky substrates were coated with micro-spherical forms of barium sulfate crystals. The developed hybrid powder exhibited optical characteristics that showed a significant diffusion characteristic in the visible light region. The foundation containing this powder could conceal pores, fine wrinkles, freckles, and spots, and provided a fine, smooth texture owing to its microscopic reflection characteristics that has never been available from a conventional foundation.     

Physical and electrochemical characterization of ionic liquids based on quaternary phosphonium cations containing a carbon–carbon double bond

Physical and electrochemical characterizations of novel two ionic liquids based on quaternary phosphonium cations containing an unsaturated carbon–carbon bond (triethyl(4-pentenyl)phosphonium and allyltributylphosphonium cations) are presented in this report. It was found that both unsaturated phosphonium cations gave low-melting salts in combination with a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide anion. The thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the unsaturated phosphonium ionic liquids showed higher thermal stability than those of the corresponding saturated phosphonium ILs. The unsaturated phosphonium ionic liquids also exhibited relatively low viscosity and high conductivities when compared to those of the corresponding saturated phosphonium ionic liquids. These results indicate an improving effect of introducing a carbon–carbon double bond into the phosphonium cations on both the thermal stability and the transport property. The voltammetric measurements suggested that the triethyl(4-pentenyl)phosphonium-based ionic liquid showed a high cathodic stability, enabling the deposition and dissolution of metallic lithium in the phosphonium ionic liquid system.     

CRYSTALLIZATION AND HARDNESS CHANGE OF RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED Fe-C-Si-Mo ALLOYS

Crystallization behavior of rapidly solidified Fe-C-Si-Mo alloy ribbons made by single rol-ler method together with their changes in phase and hardness have been studied by X-raydiffraction and SEM.The results show that the alloys attribute their very high Vickershardness to numerous fine carbides formed during crystallization.     

Effects of dose rate change under irradiation on hardening and microstructural evolution in A533B steel

Iron-ion irradiations were carried out for 0.09wt%Cu A533B steel specimens at 290°C to investigate effects of dose rate change during irradiation; the irradiations consisted of the base irradiation (with an unchanged dose rate) and an additional one with changed dose rates from 1 to 50 times that of the base one. Nano-indentation hardness measurements showed that the increase in hardness was higher for lower dose rate of the base irradiation. A similar trend was identified during the additional irradiation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analyses were carried out for the quantitative characterization of defect features. Mn/Ni/Si/Cu-enriched clusters and dislocation loops were observed in all specimens. The increase in hardness mainly depended on the formation of the solute atom clusters. The square root of the volume fraction of the solute atom clusters provided a good correlation with the increase in hardness. The effects of dose rate and dose rate change during irradiation were explained by the formation of solute atom clusters.     

Alteration of Oral and Perioral Soft Tissue in Mice following Incisor Tooth Extraction

Oral and perioral soft tissues cooperate with other oral and pharyngeal organs to facilitate mastication and swallowing. It is essential for these tissues to maintain their morphology for efficient function. Recently, it was reported that the morphology of oral and perioral soft tissue can be altered by aging or orthodontic treatment. However, it remains unclear whether tooth loss can alter these tissues’ morphology. This study examined whether tooth loss could alter lip morphology. First, an analysis of human anatomy suggested that tooth loss altered lip morphology. Next, a murine model of tooth loss was established by extracting an incisor; micro-computed tomography revealed that a new bone replaced the extraction socket. Body weight was significantly lower in the tooth loss (UH) group than in the non-extraction control (NH) group. The upper lip showed a greater degree of morphological variation in the UH group. Proteomic analysis and immunohistochemical staining of the upper lip illustrated that S100A8/9 expression was higher in the UH group, suggesting that tooth loss induced lip inflammation. Finally, soft-diet feeding improved lip deformity associated with tooth loss, but not inflammation. Therefore, soft-diet feeding is essential for preventing lip morphological changes after tooth loss.     

高压釜成型过程中弯曲力矩对EFPI光纤 传感器测试性能的影响

为了确定复合材料热压釜成型过程中弯曲力矩对EFPI光纤传感器测试性能的影响,制作了将光纤传感器埋入FRP层合板中间层的试验片,并对试验片进行三点弯曲试验,得到了弯曲力矩与传感器输出应变的对应关系。用显微镜观察层合板的截面,确定光纤传感器的埋入位置。对传感器的埋入位置偏离层合板中间层的试验片,运用有限元应变解析法计算了其应变值。结果表明,光纤传感器的埋入位置偏离层合板的中间层时,传感器的输出应变值大于解析值,说明弯曲力矩会影响光纤传感器的测试性能。