Organic compounds with heteroatoms as overcharge protection additives for lithium cells

Various organic compounds with heteroatoms (N, O, F, Si, P, S) were tested as overcharge protection additives for 4-V class lithium cells. It was found that trimethyl-3,5-xylylsilane exhibited preferable oxidation potential (E_ox) as overcharge protection additive, and charge–discharge cycling efficiency (Eff) of lithium anode in electrolyte with arylsilanes was as high as tolyladamantanes, reported previously by us. From room temperature to 60 °C, E_ox of trimethyl-3,5-xylylsilane decreased only 0.07 V. Difference in E_ox among regioisomers of tolyltrimethylsilanes is smaller than that among tolyladamantanes. ¹H NMR and UV spectra suggest the steric repulsion between tolyl group and trimethylsilyl group in o-tolyltrimethylsilane is smaller than that of the related substituents of o-tolyladamantane.     

Research Note: Effects of Ozonated Water Spray Droplet Size and Distance on the Dissolved Ozone Concentration at the Spray Target

Dissolved ozone concentration (DOC) of ozonated water (OW) sprayed from four different distances using three different droplet sizes (expressed in terms of Sauter mean diameter; small, medium, large) was measured at the spray target to obtain fundamental data for improving disease control efficacy when spraying OW onto plants. DOC in the OW at the spray target decreased with decreasing droplet size. DOC was also greatly reduced at the typical spray distances of 0.50 to 0.75 m to less than one-seventh of the initial DOC (2.2 mg/L^?1) in the sprayer reservoir, and DOC one-third lower than the initial DOC was observed even at the shortest spray distance of 0.05 m for all three nozzle sizes used. Based on the results of these experiments, disease control efficacy by spraying OW can be improved by minimizing the spray distance and using a nozzle that produces a larger spray droplet size, within the range such that adhesion efficiency of OW to the leaf surface is not greatly reduced.     

Characteristics of CVD silicon oxide films: Effect of discharge form on formation and properties of films

A silent discharge is one of the simplest methods for realizing a nonequilibrium plasma condition at atmospheric pressure. In this study, nonequilibrium plasma chemical reactions by this discharge have been applied to a remote plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon oxide films using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and oxygen. Film characteristics obtained by this CVD have been investigated for applications to advanced semiconductor devices. Conditions for depositing films with high quality have been investigated minutely. From these results, it has been clarified that silicon oxide films with high quality and excellent step coverage can be obtained by plasma excitation using pulsed silent discharge. It has also been clarified that films with similar characteristics can be obtained by plasma excitation using low‐frequency AC silent discharge at subatmospheric pressure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 106–116, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20000     

Investigation of carbonaceous compounds deposited on NiMo catalyst used for ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization of gas oil by means of temperature-programmed oxidation and Raman spectroscopy

NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst used for ultra-deep HDS of several gas oils at various conditions was characterized by both temperature-programmed oxidation combined with mass spectroscopy (TPO–MS) and/or gas chromatography (TPO–GC), and Raman spectroscopy to make clear how the catalyst was deactivated. TPO–MS showed the presence of carbonaceous compounds containing H and N atoms on the used catalysts. TPO–GC showed that the combustive property of the carbonaceous compounds sensitively changes depending on the HDS reaction conditions and the position of the catalyst charged in the HDS reactor. A curve fitting analysis of TPO–GC profiles indicated that the carbonaceous compounds combusted below 680 K during TPO were observed on all the spent catalysts examined here whereas more refractory carbonaceous compound (combusted at around 690 K during TPO) was observed on the catalyst that had experienced severe HDS reaction conditions. More refractory carbonaceous compound was preferentially observed on the catalyst charged near the outlet of the HDS reactor. Raman spectra of the carbonaceous compounds indicated that the carbonaceous compounds combusted below 680 K during TPO has an amorphous-like structure whereas the refractory carbonaceous compound has a graphite-like one. Raman spectra also indicated that the graphite-like carbonaceous compound possesses a greater lateral size than the amorphous-like one, implying that the refractory carbonaceous compound can cover the catalyst surface more effectively. The carbonaceous compound having a graphite-like structure is one of main reasons for the catalyst deactivation. It is suggested that the precursor for this type of carbonaceous compound is not formed directly from the feed, but indirectly formed during the HDS of gas oil, because of its preferential deposition on the catalyst charged near the outlet of the HDS reactor.     

Design of part family robust-to-production plan variations based on quantitative manufacturability evaluation

This paper presents a systematic method for designing part families whose production costs are insensitive to changes in production plans due to market demand fluctuations. A unified feature-based representation of functional geometry and manufacturability has been developed to manipulate and evaluate part designs. Based on this information and production plans for multiple periods, an optimization-based method provides alternative part designs. The manufacturability of the part designs is quantitatively estimated by the facility cost of the manufacturing system best configured for a given part family and the average cycle time estimated by the discrete event simulation of production scenarios. Redesign suggestions are made on datum definitions of the original parts. Two case studies of a family of prismatic parts and that of turned parts are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Electronic Publication     

Application of time-dependent density-functional theory to electron—ion coupling in ethylene

To examine the applicability of the time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) for treating the electron–nucleus coupling in excited states, we calculate the strength distribution associated with the π–π* transition in ethylene. The observed optical transition strength in the 7–8.5 eV region shows a complex structure arising from coupling to C–C stretch motion, to torsional motion, and to Rydberg excitations. The mean energy of the observed peak is reproduced to about 0.2 eV accuracy by the TDDFT in the local density approximation (LDA). The reflection approximation is used to calculate the peak broadening. Roughly half of the broadening can be attributed to the fluctuation in the C–C coordinate. The asymmetry in the line shape is also qualitatively reproduced by the C–C coordinate fluctuation. We find, in agreement with other theoretical studies, that the torsional motion is responsible for the progression of weak transition strength extending from the peak down to about 6 eV. The LDA reproduces the strength in this region to a factor of about 3. We conclude that the TDDFT is rather promising for calculating the electron–nucleus coupling at short times.     

基于键合技术的新型集成光学干涉仪

提出了一种基于超薄薄膜光电二极管 (PD)构成的新型集成光学干涉仪构造方案 ,基于键合技术 ,论证了超薄薄膜光电二极管阵列集成化构成集成光学干涉仪的可能性。着重描述了集成光学干涉仪构造关键部件———超薄薄膜光电二极管的设计、制造及其特性。所构成的集成光学干涉仪经实验得到初步验证 ,结果表明 ,利用微细加工制作微光学干涉计是完全可行的     

Dynamic behavior of a combined cycle power plant in the presence of a frequency drop

A combined cycle power plant which combines a gas turbine and a steam turbine can achieve high energy efficiency. Many combined cycle plants have been installed worldwide. However, a large‐scale blackout due to combined cycle chain trip‐out occurred in Malaysia in 1996. The cause of this chain trip was considered to be a large drop of system frequency. Thus, there is a need to investigate the stability of the combined cycle power plant for the frequency drop. Several dynamic models of a combined cycle plant have been proposed. In our analysis, we use some of them and build a model for a single‐shaft combined cycle plant. We execute numerical simulations to see how the combined cycle plant behaves when the system frequency drops. The cause and the countermeasure of the combined cycle plant trip‐out are explained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 9–19, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10117     

Effect of Saccharin on the Structure and Properties of Electrodeposition NiWP Alloy Coatings

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance - NiWP alloy coatings electrodeposited on pure copper substrates with additive saccharin (C7H5NO3S) contents of 0-6 g/L were investigated...