Eduardo. J. H. Lee  Linjie Zhi  Marko Burghard  Klaus Müllen  Klaus Kern 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2010,22(16):1854-1857

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Klaus Ellmer  Thomas Unold 《真空研究与实践》2006,18(5):6-10

Reactive Magnetron Sputtering of Thin Film Solar Cells We show that reactive magnetron sputtering is well suited to deposit CuInS₂‐thin film absorber layers of high electronic quality. Using metallic targets and substrate temperatures below 500 °C, compact films with grain sizes in the micrometer range can be obtained. The structural and electronic properties of these layers are comparable to CuInS₂ thin films prepared by a 2‐step sulfurization process, which is being commercialized at present. In particular, the reactively sputtered films show minority carrier diffusion lengths larger than the layer thickness (≈ 2μm). This results in solar cells with conversion efficiences larger than 10 %, comparable to the best conversion efficiencies for CuInS₂‐solar cells obtained from other deposition processes. These results are promising for the potential application of magnetron sputtering as a large area deposition process for absorber layers in thin film solar cells.  相似文献   

    

Mantel K  Lindlein N  Schwider J 《Applied optics》2005,44(15):2970-2977

A diffractive grazing-incidence interferometer for the test of cylindrical lenses is described. Besides surface aberrations from the ideal shape, the interferometer allows for the simultaneous determination of the relative position and orientation of surfaces to another. The measurement principle as well as a classification of deviation types is given. Measurement results for planar concave lenses are presented.  相似文献   

    

Ute Zschieschang  Frederik Ante  Tatsuya Yamamoto  Kazuo Takimiya  Hirokazu Kuwabara  Masaaki Ikeda  Tsuyoshi Sekitani  Takao Someya  Klaus Kern  Hagen Klauk 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2010,22(9):982-985

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Linjie Zhi  Yong‐Sheng Hu  Bassem El Hamaoui  Xuan Wang  Ingo Lieberwirth  Ute Kolb  Joachim Maier  Klaus Müllen 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2008,20(9):1727-1731

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Roman Forker  Daniel Kasemann  Thomas Dienel  Christian Wagner  Robert Franke  Klaus Müllen  Torsten Fritz 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2008,20(23):4450-4454

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  总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Becker J  Grün G  Seemann R  Mantz H  Jacobs K  Mecke KR  Blossey R 《Nature materials》2003,2(1):59-63

In the course of miniaturization of electronic and microfluidic devices, reliable predictions of the stability of ultrathin films have a strategic role for design purposes. Consequently, efficient computational techniques that allow for a direct comparison with experiment become increasingly important. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that the full complex spatial and temporal evolution of the rupture of ultrathin films can be modelled in quantitative agreement with experiment. We accomplish this by combining highly controlled experiments on different film-rupture patterns with computer simulations using novel numerical schemes for thin-film equations. For the quantitative comparison of the pattern evolution in both experiment and simulation we introduce a novel pattern analysis method based on Minkowski measures. Our results are fundamental for the development of efficient tools capable of describing essential aspects of thin-film flow in technical systems.  相似文献   

    

S. Klaus  R. Paul  H. Reul  K. Mottaghy  B. Glasmacher 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2001,32(12):922-925

Damage of red blood cells (hemolysis) in miniaturized pump systems for heart support is induced by contact with artificial surfaces and high mechanical shear forces. In vitro experiments with porcine blood under well defined material and flow conditions with a new Couette model showed hemolysis not starting until shear stresses of 400 Pa and exposure times of 400 ms. Hemolysis in general was much lower than predicted in earlier investigations. Heparinized blood revealed a more sensitive behaviour as compared to citrated blood (CPDA‐1).  相似文献   

    

Emanuele Treossi  Andrea Liscio  Xinliang Feng  Vincenzo Palermo  Klaus Müllen  Paolo Samorì 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,5(1):112-119

Temperature‐enhanced solvent vapor annealing (TESVA) is used to self‐assemble functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules into ordered macroscopic layers and crystals on solid surfaces. A novel C₃ symmetric hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene functionalized with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains is used as a model system since its multivalent character can be expected to offer unique self‐assembly properties and behavior in different solvents. TESVA promotes the molecule's long‐range mobility, as proven by their diffusion on a Si/SiO_x surface on a scale of hundreds of micrometers. This leads to self‐assembly into large, ordered crystals featuring an edge‐on columnar type of arrangement, which differs from the morphologies obtained using conventional solution‐processing methods such as spin‐coating or drop‐casting. The temperature modulation in the TESVA makes it possible to achieve an additional control over the role of hydrodynamic forces in the self‐assembly at surfaces, leading to a macroscopic self‐healing within the adsorbed film notably improved as compared to conventional solvent vapor annealing. This surface re‐organization can be monitored in real time by optical and atomic force microscopy.  相似文献   

    

Lee EJ  Balasubramanian K  Dorfmüller J  Vogelgesang R  Fu N  Mews A  Burghard M  Kern K 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2007,3(12):2038-2042

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