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81.
For development of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) lifetime estimation method, a high accuracy PEFC electrode polarization model is required. An electrode polarization model which was previously proposed was verified. However, accuracy of the electrode polarization model was not enough to estimate PEFC performance under various conditions. A new high accuracy PEFC electrode polarization model has been developed based on electrochemical consideration and data observed at elevated pressures. In the cathode polarization model, effects of O2 diffusion and H2O plugging have to be considered to obtain high accuracy for long-term operation. In addition, PEFC performance degradation was analyzed by the electrode polarization model. Main factors of PEFC performance degradation are OCV drop, the cathodic activation polarization, voltage drops by O2 diffusion and H2O plugging. 相似文献
82.
Al2O3/5%SiC nanocomposites were fabricated by pressureless sintering using MgO as a sintering aid and then post hot-isostatic pressed (HIP), which can subsequently break through the disadvantage of hot-pressing process. The MgO additive was able to promote the densification of the composites, but could not induce the grain growth of Al2O3 matrix due to the grain growth inhibition by nano-sized SiC particles. After HIP treatment, Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites achieved full densification and homogeneous distribution of nano-sized SiC particles. Moreover, the fracture morphology of HIP treated specimens was identical with that of the hot-pressed Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites showing complete transgranular fracture. Consequently, high fracture strength of 1 GPa was achieved for the Al2O3/5%SiC nanocomposites by pressureless sintering and post HIP process. 相似文献
83.
Mercury and selenium concentrations in the internal organs of toothed whales and dolphins marketed for human consumption in Japan 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Small cetaceans (toothed whales odontoceti and dolphins delphinidae) have been traditionally hunted along the coast of Japan and fresh red meat and blubber, as well as boiled internal organs such as liver, kidney, lung and small intestine, are still being sold for human consumption. We surveyed mercury contamination in boiled liver, kidney and lung products marketed in Japan between 1999-2001. The average +/- S.D. of total mercury (T-Hg) was 370 +/- 525 (range: 7.60 approximately 1980, n = 26) microg/g in liver, 40.5 +/- 48.5 (7.30-95.1, n = 15) microg/g in kidney and 42.8 +/- 43.8 (2.10-79.6, n = 23) microg/g in lung. A high correlation was observed between T-Hg and selenium (Se) concentrations in these organs, supporting the formation of a Hg-Se complex. The formation of a Hg-Se complex probably contribute to the detoxification of Hg for cetaceans and allows a very large accumulation of Hg in livers. The provisional permitted level of T-Hg in marine foods set by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare is 0.4 microg/ g, and the provisional permitted weekly intake (PTWI) set by WHO is 5 microg/kg bw/week. The maximal T-Hg detected in boiled liver (1,980 microg/g) exceeds the permitted level by approximately 5,000 times and the consumption of only 0.15 g of liver exceeds the PTWI of 60 kg of body weight of the consumer, suggesting the possibility of an acute intoxication by T-Hg even after a single consumption of the product. 相似文献
84.
Mizutani A Kikuta H Iwata K Toyota H 《Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision》2002,19(7):1346-1351
We describe a new structure of guided-mode resonant grating (GMRG) filters with low sideband reflectance. This GMRG filter consists of a high-index thin film on an antireflective structured surface called "moth-eye structure." Since the high-index film undulates along the surface structure, the film acts as a modulated optical waveguide. An incident light wave satisfying a resonant condition is reflected by the GMRG filter, and nonresonant light waves pass through the filter. This GMRG filter is valid for reducing reflection of nonresonant light waves in a wide spectral range. The resonant reflection of this new filter was investigated by numerical calculation based on an electromagnetic grating analysis. In the case of a triangular antireflective surface structure whose thickness is 2x greater than its period, the sideband reflectance for nonresonant light waves was lower than 0.5% for TM-polarized light in a wide range of wavelengths. 相似文献
85.
Kanako Miura Koichi Hashimoto Hikaru Inooka Jacques A. Gangloff Michel F. de Mathelin 《Artificial Life and Robotics》2006,10(2):131-135
This article describes a robot positioning task with respect to a static target by visual servoing. The vision system is uncalibrated,
and the kinematic model of the robot may be totally unknown. The displacements of the robot at joint level are generated in
real time in order to minimize the objective function. The objective function includes the quadratic error between the current
and the desired target images. A simplex method is used to minimize the objective function, and a Newton-like method is also
used near convergence. We successfully validated this method with simulations under the graphic library OpenGL.
This work was presented in part at the 10th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, February
4–6, 2005 相似文献
86.
An Interactive Deformation System for Granular Material 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Computer Graphics (CG) animations of natural phenomena are currently widely used for movies and in video games. Granular materials occur widely in nature, and therefore it is necessary that CG animations represent ground surfaces composed of a granular material as well as model deformations when the granular material comes into contact with other physical rigid objects (called solid objects). In this paper, we propose a deformation algorithm for ground surfaces composed of granular material. The deformation algorithm is divided into three steps: (1) detection of the collision between a solid object and the ground surface, (2) displacement of the granular material and (3) erosion of the material at steep slopes. The proposed algorithm can handle solid objects of various shapes, including concave polyhedra by additionally using a layered data structure called the Height Span Map. Furthermore, a texture sliding technique is presented to render the motion of granular materials. In addition, our implementation of the deformation algorithm can be used at interactive frame rates. 相似文献
87.
We are developing an agent and server library referred to as X-Economy, by which we can execute multiagent simulations and network games for financial and economic systems. To this end, we analyzed the characteristics of network games in a financial context and compared them with traditional ones. X-Economy has also provided a new research direction in market micro-structure analysis. We executed several kinds of multiagent simulations for technical traders (indices) and obtained non-trivial suggestions regarding the relationship between the market randomness and the effectiveness of technical indices. For instance, the performance of complex technical indices seemed to deeply depend on the characteristics and nature of a market when a market became complex, i.e. it moved far from the Wiener process. 相似文献
88.
Heat and mass transfer during crystal growth 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Quality of semiconductor and oxide crystals which are grown from the melts plays an important role for electronic and/or optical devices. The crystal quality is significantly affected by the heat and mass transfer in the melts during crystal growth in a growth furnace such as Czochralski or horizontal Bridgman methods. This paper reviews the present understanding of phenomena of the heat and mass transfer of the melts, especially instability of melt convection from the detailed numerical calculation, which helps to understand the melt convection visualized using X-ray radiography. Large scale simulation of melt convection during crystal growth is also reviewed.
Characteristics of flow instabilities of melt convection with a low Prandtl number (ratio between momentum and thermal diffusivities) are also reviewed by focusing on the instabilities of baroclinic, the Rayleigh-Benard and the Marangoni-Benard, from the points of view of temperature, rotating and/or magnetic field effects during crystal growth. Oxygen concentration in grown crystals is also discussed how melt convection affects. 相似文献
89.
90.
Koichi Hatada Tatsuki Kitayama Kinzo Fujikawa Koji Ohta Heimei Yuki 《Polymer Bulletin》1978,1(2):97-102
Summary Copolymer of methyl methacrylate-d8(M1) with a small amount of trityl methacrylate(M2) was radically prepared in tetrahydrofuran and converted into the copolymer of methyl methacrylate-d8 with a small amount of undeuterated methyl methacrylate by the selective hydrolysis of the trityl group and subsequent methylation with diazomethane. From the 1H NMR spectrum of the derived copolymer the assigned coisotactic parameters 12 and 21 were determined to be 0.14 and 0.61, respectively. This may be the first example of the unequivocal determination of assigned configurational parameters in cross propagation for copolymerization. 相似文献