Polyol-Derived Alkoxide/Hydroxide Base Catalysts II: Transesterification Reactions

Biodiesel, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), was produced by transesterification of canola oil with methanol in the presence of a series of alkoxide/hydroxide base catalysts produced from glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, xylitol, or sorbitol produced by dehydration reaction of sodium hydroxide in the presence of polyols. Transesterification reactions proceeded efficiently in the presence of sodium alkoxide catalysts prepared at three different mole ratios of sodium hydroxide to glycerol (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). The production of methyl ester during the course of the reaction was determined repeatedly and the reaction progress was compared with that achieved in a reaction catalyzed by freshly prepared anhydrous sodium methoxide as a standard catalyst. Sodium alkoxide/hydroxide catalysts activity during the first 2 min of the reaction was in the order of: sorbitol < xylitol < sodium methoxide < 1,2-propanediol < 1,3-propanediol < glycerol regardless of the mole ratio of sodium hydroxide to glycerol. All catalysts showed a higher methyl ester accumulation at higher ratios of sodium hydroxide to polyol and had the following order 1:1 < 2:1 < 3:1 (sodium hydroxide:glycerol). Several of these catalysts were as powerful as sodium methoxide in catalyzing the transesterification reaction at the same mole concentration. All alkoxide/hydroxide catalysts resulted in a high FAME accumulation (>95 wt%) in a single transesterification batch reaction.     

Up-Regulation of mRNA Ventricular PRNP Prion Protein Gene Expression in Air Pollution Highly Exposed Young Urbanites: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress,Glucose Regulated Protein 78, and Nanosized Particles

Mexico City Metropolitan Area children and young adults exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants including fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) vs. clean air controls, exhibit myocardial inflammation and inflammasome activation with a differential right and left ventricular expression of key inflammatory genes and inflammasomes. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the prion protein gene PRNP, which plays an important role in the protection against oxidative stress and metal toxicity, and the glucose regulated protein 78, a key protein in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, in ventricular autopsy samples from 30 children and young adults age 19.97 ± 6.8 years with a lifetime of low (n:4) vs. high (n:26) air pollution exposures. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out in human ventricles, and electron microscopy studies were also done in 5 young, highly exposed Mexico City dogs. There was significant left ventricular PRNP and bi-ventricular GRP78 mRNA up-regulation in Mexico City young urbanites vs. controls. PRNP up-regulation in the left ventricle was significantly different from the right, p < 0.0001, and there was a strong left ventricular PRNP and GRP78 correlation (p = 0.0005). Marked abnormalities in capillary endothelial cells, numerous nanosized particles in myocardial ER and in abnormal mitochondria characterized the highly exposed ventricles. Early and sustained cardiac ER stress could result in detrimental irreversible consequences in urban children, and while highly complex systems maintain myocardial homeostasis, failure to compensate for chronic myocardial inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and particles damaging myocardial organelles may prime the development of pathophysiological cardiovascular states in young urbanites. Nanosized PM could play a key cardiac myocyte toxicity role.     

(Ba,Pb)TiO_3系高温PTC半导体材料研究

本文研究了含铅高温PTC半导体陶瓷材料的性能和工艺特点。采用快速烧结法获得了性能优良的(Ba,Pb)TiO_3系半导体材料。     

8279的显示接口分析及混合显示电路设计

分析8279芯片的显示接口及十六段和八段LED显示驱动电路的特点,提出了十六段和八段LED混合显示驱动的方法,并介绍了一种经济、实用的显示驱动电路。     

铝硅准二元玻璃硬度和抗碎裂性演化的结构起源

为探究准二元铝硅玻璃硬度和抗碎裂性随组分变化的结构起源,采用激光加热气动悬浮技术,制备了组分为xAl2O3·(100–x)SiO2(30≤x≤63,摩尔分数)的系列玻璃样品.利用显微维氏硬度仪对玻璃的硬度、抗碎裂性进行了详细表征.结果表明:随着Al2O3含量增加,玻璃硬度逐渐升高,于x=63时硬度最大(8.94 GPa...     

耐低温橡胶的研究进展:分子结构设计与化学改性

综述了耐低温橡胶材料的研究进展,对比了天然橡胶、通用合成橡胶和特种合成橡胶的分子结构、耐低温性能及其影响因素,归纳了耐低温橡胶的改性方法,最后对耐低温橡胶材料今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

中间相沥青基碳纤维的生产及其性能表征

中间相沥青基碳纤维具备高模量、高导热性等特性,在航天、电子等领域具备广阔的应用前景.山东瑞城实现了中间相沥青基碳纤维的产业化生产,本文对其所生产的中间相沥青基碳纤维的结构和性能进行了表征研究.研究结果表明,1.5K连续纤维的平均直径为11μm;强度为2400 MPa;模量为811 GPa;导热率达到600 W/(m·k...