Partialsynthesen von Cardenoliden und Cardenolid-Analogen. IX. Cardenolidderivate mit einer ungesättigten Aldehydfunktion am Lactonring

Partial Syntheses of Cardenolides and Cardenolide Analogues. IX. Cardenolide Derivatives with an Unsaturated Aldehyde Function at the Lactone Ring Oxidation of 22-allyl-digitoxigenin-3-acetate [ 1 ] and 22-allyl-digitoxin ( 4 ) with selenium dioxide resulted in the introduction of an oxygen function into the unsaturated C-22 substituent of the cardenolide molecule. The isolated compounds were the 22-(3′-oxo-prop-1′-en-1′-yl)-derivatives 3 and 6 of 1 and 4 , respectively. The molecular biological activity of 3 was estimated to be about six times higher than that of the parent compound 1 .     

An Efficient New Pyrimidine Synthesis – a pathway to octupoles

The condensation of N,N,N′-tris(trimethylsilyl)-amidines ( 6 , 11 , 22 ) with vinamidinium salts ( 1 , 7 ) in the presence of potassium fluoride is the method of choice for the synthesis of pyrimidines ( 8 , 12 , 20 , 23 ). Octupoles comprising 1,3,5-benzene ( 8 ) and triphenylamine ( 12 , 20 ) derivatives can be prepared in high yields.     

Preparation of New Benzoylthiourea-functionalized PVC Resin and Investigation of the Complexation Properties

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been modified, using a two-step process with amine and benzoyl isothiocyanate groups. In the present paper, PVC-N,N′-(3,3′-(ethane-1,2-diyl bis(azanediyl))bis (propane-3,1-diyl))bis(azanediyl)bis(thioxomethylene) dibenzamide one have been synthesized. Its complexes have been prepared with CoCl₂, NiCl₂, PtCl₂ and HgCl₂. These compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TGA, SEM, ^IH NMR.     

Quantitative risk assessment of listeriosis due to consumption of raw milk

The objectives of this study were to estimate the risk of illness for raw milk consumers due to Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk sold by permitted dealers, and the risk for people on farms who consume raw milk. Three scenarios were evaluated for raw milk sold by dealers: raw milk purchased directly from bulk tanks, from on-farm stores, and from retail. To assess the effect of mandatory testing of raw milk by regulatory agencies, the number of listeriosis cases per year was compared where no raw milk testing was done, only a screening test to issue a permit was conducted, and routine testing was conducted and milk was recalled if it was L. monocytogenes positive. The median number of listeriosis cases associated with consumption of raw milk from bulk tanks, farm stores, and retail for an intermediate-age population was 6.6 × 10(-7), 3.8 × 10(-5), and 5.1 × 10(-5) cases per year, respective ly. In populations with high susceptibility, the estimated median number of cases per year was 2.7 × 10(-7) (perinatal, i.e., pregnant women and their fetuses or newborns) and 1.4 × 10(-6) (elderly) for milk purchased from bulk tanks, 1.5 × 10(-5 ) (perinatal) and 7.8 × 10(-5) (elderly) for milk from farm stores, and 2.1 × 10(-5) (perinatal) and 1.0 × 10(-4) (elderly) for milk from retail. For raw milk consumed on farms, the median number of listeriosis cases was 1.4 × 10(-7) cases per year. A greater risk of listeriosis was associated with consumption of raw milk obtained from retail and farm stores as compared with milk obtained from bulk tanks. This was likely due to additional time-temperature combination steps in the retail and farm store models, which increased the chances for growth of L. monocytogenes in raw milk. A close relationship between prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk and the values of disease incidence was observed. Hence, a reduction in the number of cases per year in all populations was observed when a raw milk-testing program was in place, especially when routine testing and recalling of milk was conducted.     

Characterization of the Arcobacter contamination on Belgian pork carcasses and raw retail pork

In the present study, the occurrence of Arcobacter was assessed at four sites on 169 porcine carcasses (foreleg, chest, pelvis and ham) at different stages of slaughter and 47 pork products at retail. Carcass swab samples were enriched in Arcobacter broth containing 5-fluorouracil, amphotericine B, cefoperazone, novobiocine and trimethoprim as selective supplement. After microaerobic incubation, arcobacters were isolated using Arcobacter selective agar plates, containing the selective supplement described above. Some carcass samples and all pork samples were also examined quantitatively. All 862 isolates were identified by a species-specific m-PCR-assay and 182 isolates were further characterized by ERIC-PCR. Arcobacters were isolated from one or more sampling places on 96.4% of the carcasses, with the foreleg and the chest area as the two most contaminated sites. Furthermore, A. cryaerophilus was the most common species. Chilling decreased the number of positive carcasses, but did not eliminate all arcobacters. Direct isolation revealed that only a few carcasses were contaminated with arcobacters on foreleg and/or chest at levels higher than 10(2 )cfu/100 cm(2). Characterization demonstrated a large heterogeneity among the isolates, with ten genotypes present on more then one site per carcass. Fourteen genotypes were simultaneously present on carcasses from different herds slaughtered on the same day, which may indicate cross-contamination. Arcobacters were present in 21% of the pork samples taken at retail, but contamination levels did not exceed 100 cfu per gram. Characterization of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates indicated an additional contamination during processing at retail.     

In vivo assessment of the corrosion of nickel–titanium orthodontic archwires by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy

This study was undertaken to assess in vivo the corrosion in two commercial nickel–titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires removed from the oral cavity of patients using fluoride mouthwashes. Five volunteers took part in this study on the corrosion behavior of two brands of NiTi archwires (3M and AO (brand of archwire)) during use of two mouthwashes with neutral sodium fluoride 1.1%, one with acidulated fluoride 1.1%, and one with placebo and a control group. Each patient used one mouthwash in three different periods of time for 1 min a day for 30 days. The archwires were assessed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The values obtained with atomic force microscopy (AFM) were submitted to normality test, two‐way analysis of variance, and Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. The AFM images showed a gradual qualitative increase in the roughness of both types of wire between the treatments: control < placebo < neutral fluoride < acidulated fluoride. The arithmetic average of the roughness and root mean square of the roughness were similar. As for 3M archwires, only the acidulated fluoride group differed statistically from the others. As for AO archwires, the control and placebo groups did not differ from each other, but differed from the other fluoride treatments. The group using neutral fluoride also differed significantly from the acidulated fluoride group. 3M archwires were not affected by daily oral challenges. AO archwires were not affected by daily oral challenges either; their association with fluoride, either neutral or acidulated, increased their roughness.     

Säurekatalysierte Umsetzungen von Aromaten mit Alkanen und Cycloalkanen. IX. Alkylierungen mit 2,2,4-Trimethylpentan (Isooctan)

Acid-catalyzed Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. IX. Alkylations with 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane) The non-conventional alkylation of benzene, toluene, ethyl- and isopropylbenzene, fluoro- and chlorobenzene with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the presence of acid catalysts is described. The composition of the rather complex reaction mixtures is determined by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, tert. butylarenes being the main products beside alkylsubstituted indanes and tetralines. Their formation is interpreted as a competition between fragmentation and isomerization of the alkylating agent. By use of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or combinations of catalysts from HF or HSO₃F with variant metallic fluorides at lower temperatures the selectivity of the reaction may be partially raised.