An algorithm for solving multi-point boundary value problems

We describe a method for computing solutions of multi-point boundary value problems, where the polychotomic structure of the underlying solution space is specifically exploited. After the system is integrated in a multiple shooting way, the resulting linear system is solved by a special decoupling algorithm that takes into account the fact that the dichotomy on each interval is potentially different (in contrast to the two point case). A number of examples sustains the theory.     

Understanding community receptivity to water re-use: Ku-ring-gai Council case study.

This social research project investigated community receptivity to using rainwater and greywater as alternative domestic water sources. It was focused in the Ku-ring-gai local government area in northern Sydney, and involved a household questionnaire followed by community leader interviews and resident focus groups. Trends, such as a prolonged drought and increasing population, compound the current crisis and concern facing Sydney's available water supply. Substitution of domestic potable water has been promoted as part of the solution. The research results revealed that community receptivity was highest for external uses, such as watering gardens and flushing toilets, and progressively decreased with increasing personal contact. Receptivity to greywater reuse fell more rapidly with the community believing there was a higher health risk associated with its use. Gender and cultural background were revealed as significant variables and give insight into the design of strategies to target these demographic groups. This evidence provides a reliable stocktake of current receptivity revealing that the community has good awareness and positive association with water reuse for many household activities. This now needs to be harnessed through programs targeted at developing skills, resources and motivation for new water reuse practices and technologies across diverse social groupings.     

Modeling Power Supply Noise in Delay Testing

Excessive power supply noise during test can cause overkill. This article discusses two models for supply noise in delay testing and their application to test compaction. The proposed noise models avoid complicated power network analysis, making them much faster than existing power noise analysis tools. can cause performance degradation and     

Profile dependence and measurement of absolute Raman scattering cross-section in optical fibres

A simple measurement method for the absolute Raman scattering cross-section of an optical fibre is presented. This method does not require a high power pump laser and it measures the fibre directly. It is also shown that the calculation of the cross-section depends on the fibre structure, such as its refractive index profile and the differential attenuation between the pump wavelength and Raman wavelength.<>     

An analytical model for I-V and small-signalcharacteristics of planar-doped HEMTs

An analytical current-voltage (I-V) model for planar-doped HEMTs is developed. This compact model covers the complete range of I-V characteristics, including the current saturation region and parasitic conduction in the electron-supplying layer. Analytical expressions for the small-signal parameters and current-gain cutoff frequency are derived from the I-V model. Modeling results for a 0.1-μm-gate planar-doped AlInAs-GaInAs HEMT show excellent agreement with measured characteristics. Threshold voltages and parasitic conduction in planar-doped and uniformly doped HEMTs are also compared and discussed     

Effect of the Extraction of a Hemagglutinin on the Nutritive Value of Amaranthus leucocarpus Seeds

Hemagglutinins present in Amaranthus leucocarpus seed meal were extracted with saline buffer and nutritive value was estimated by PER, NPR as well as Digestible Energy Consumption Evaluations. Protein digestibility was determined both in vitro and in vivo. Trypsin inhibitor activity was also determined. Saline-extracted Amaranth meal had significantly higher PER and NPR values than whole meal (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in digestible energy (Kcal/day/ animal) and protein consumption (g/day/animal) between diets (p<0.05). A. leucocarpus improves in nutritive value after the saline extraction procedures and has a good potential as a complementary food due to its lysine content. In addition purified agglutinin may be a useful biochemical.     

Stabilisation of protein and oil in fish silage for use as a ruminant feed supplement

Fish silage was prepared from 96.5% offal obtained from Atlantic cod fillet processing and 3.5% (by wt) formic acid. The fish silage became an homogeneous liquid of low viscosity in 36–58 h at 20°C; however, the oil and protein components continued to be hydrolysed for several months. Addition of formaldehyde to fish silage (0.25 or 0.39% by wt) after liquefaction was complete, served to prevent continued protein hydrolysis and oxidative rancidity of the oil. It also decreased the development of ‘off-odours’, and the formation of total volatile bases. Fish silage was readily absorbed by hay at a ratio of 1.5 parts silage to 1.0 parts hay by weight; the product is referred to as ‘haylage’. Voluntary intake by wethers of ‘haylage’ prepared from de-oiled, formaldehyde-treated fish silage was better than for ‘haylage’ prepared from untreated fish silage. The crude protein content of ‘haylage’ rations was more than satisfactory for fattening lambs, although the energy content of ‘haylage’ rations may be a limiting factor. Retention of fish oil in the silage to increase the energy content of rations was unsuccessful because voluntary feed intake was depressed. The addition of formaldehyde to fish silage is advantageous when the product is to be fed to ruminant livestock since protein and lipid degradation in the feed, and also possibly in the rumen, are minimised and voluntary intake of ‘haylage’ by sheep is increased.     

Lipoamide dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle. 12. The influence of electric stimulation of beef carcasses on activity and subcellular distribution

The effect of electrical stimulation (ES) of beef carcasses at 450 V on the total extractable activity and subcellular distribution of the mitochondrial enzymes lipoamide dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle (activities in the supernatant of a phosphate buffer extract and in muscle press juice) was studied. There was no influence of ES on the total activity and the subcellular distribution of these enzymes in the muscle tissue stored at +2 degrees C for 7 days nor did ES influence the extent of the release of the three enzymes from the mitochondria into the sarcoplasm by freezing (-20 degrees C) and thawing. From these results it can be concluded that ES does not result in an appreciable disintegration of the inner membrane of muscle mitochondria.     

On the use of elliptical side branches to thick-walled cylinders

The boundary integral equation (boundary element) method of numerical stress analysis is used to compute stress concentration factors at the intersections between side branches and thick-walled tubes or pressure vessels. Cases of both circular and elliptical side branch cross sections are considered, the effect of the latter being to significantly reduce the maximum stresses generated under internal pressure. For the typical geometries considered, reductions of more than 20% are obtained at optimum ellipse aspect ratios of about 0·8.