Achievement of pencil-beam radiation from a TM01 modecircular waveguide source

A method employing appropriately placed parallel-metallic plates in the aperture of a TM₀₁ mode circular waveguide source so as to have it produce pencil-beam radiation is described and analyzed. Programmed computations, with experimental verification, are given for the case of a C-Band TM₀₁ source flared out to a conical horn so as to produce moderate (22 dBi) gain. Means of extending the method to achieve higher gains (40 dBi to 60 dBi) and to modify the plate arrangement so as to produce the same effect with a TE₀₁ mode are briefly outlined     

Fundamental quantum 1/f noise in semiconductor devices

The quantum 1/f noise theory has been developed in the last two decades and has been applied to 1/f noise suppression in various electronic devices. This theory derives fundamental quantum fluctuations present in the elementary processes of physics at the level of the quantum mechanical cross sections and process rates. This paper demonstrates the basic simplicity of the theory with an elementary physical derivation followed by a short derivation of the conventional quantum 1/f effect in second quantization, for an arbitrary number of particles N defining the scattered current in the final state. A new derivation of the coherent quantum 1/f effect is also included. No adjustable parameters are present in the quantum 1/f theory. Practical applications to semiconductor materials, p-n junctions, SQUID's and quartz resonators are presented. Optimal design principles based on the quantum 1/f theory are described and explained     

Overgrown silicon PBT's: calculations and measurements

The device parameters of overgrown silicon permeable base transistors (PBT's) have been systematically investigated by two dimensional drift diffusion simulations and analytical calculations. Hence some design rules arise for optimizing the high frequency performance of PBT's. The calculations indicate the source-drain distance as the essential PBT parameter, which should be kept below 200 nm in order to expect unity-current-gain frequencies f_T over 50 GHZ. In addition, PBT's with buried monocrystalline CoSi₂-gates have been fabricated by high dose cobalt ion implantation through a grid-like mask into MOS-compatible n-type Si(100). Measurements revealed a transconductance of 70 mS/mm and a f _T value of 6 GHz. The comparison between measured and simulated output characteristics shows good agreement     

On the hot-carrier-induced post-stress interface trap generation inn-channel MOS transistors

A continued fast interface trap generation is observed in n-channel MOS transistors after termination of the hot-carrier stress. The magnitude of this post-stress effect is strongly dependent on the conditions of the preceding stress, on the post-stress conditions and on the process parameters. For measurements at 293 K, a simple model is proposed which is based on the release of hydrogen by the thermal detrapping of holes, and which can explain the observed dependencies. The importance of the post-stress D_it-generation is illustrated for the case of dynamic stress conditions where it can lead to an apparently deviating degradation behavior     

Drain structure optimization for highly reliable deep submicrometern-channel MOSFET

A guideline for n^- fully gate overlapped (FOLD) structure design optimization has been studied. From the viewpoint of reliability, the greatest reduction in substrate current directly leads to the most reliable n^- design for the FOLD structure. The current path modulation phenomenon due to the trapped charge at the n ^- extension region dominates the hot-carrier induced characteristics change for conventional lightly doped drain (LDD) structure with side-wall spacer. This phenomenon is minimized in the FOLD structure due to its higher controllability of the gate electrode than the LDD structure at the n^- extension region. Furthermore, it was also confirmed that the 0.3 μm optimized FOLD structure can achieve high circuit performance at 3.3 V operation, maintaining hot-carrier resistance     

Dielectric measurements using a rational function model

A recently proposed rational function model for the aperture admittance of 50 ohm Teflon filled coaxial lines in contact with a homogeneous dielectric is experimentally validated. A calibration technique of the automatic network analyzer utilizing standard terminations and time domain gating is used. Uncertainties in the dielectric properties of reference liquids do not enter the calibration procedure. Experimental results for water and methanol are compared with estimated values. A model expression for the sensitivity of the probe is validated. The sensitivities of two coaxial line probes for the measurements made are determined. Results obtained using the new model are compared with those of other workers     

Understanding the role of self-esteem in managing communicationquality

This paper presents an overview of the ways in which self-esteem operates in employee communication. As they develop effective communication skills, managers need to consider the consequence of stress on employee self-esteem and performance. Persons with high self-esteem are less likely to experience workplace demands as stressful and are better able to respond effectively to those demands. This paper discusses the relationship among self-esteem, occupational stress, and communication quality, then recommends ways in which self-esteem can be enhanced through employee communication     

Introduction to the special section: professional communication inRussia

There is a rising interest within the world community in what is occurring in professional communication in Russia, and in the social and market opportunities that will appear there in the future. We live in a world in which the pace of change is more rapid than at any time in our history. The most important aspect of this change is the fact that we are making a transition to a democratic society at the same time as we are in the process of establishing the principles of a market economy. Russia is a country with enormous reserves of raw materials, vast territories, and rich intellectual resources. And now, as Russia is experiencing a painful transition to a market economy, the nation's economic potential becomes more and more dependent on the sophistication of its infrastructure. That is the reason why the information technologies and professional communication have become key factors of social progress. The Russian centers of research and industry are widely dispersed geographically, in such cities as Vladivostok, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Ekaterinburg, Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The last three or four years have seen a sharp increase in the demands for business information, electronic mail and communications for far-flung business and financial operations     

The evolution of communication vehicles: linear progress andcyclical progress

Examines several aspects of communication methods (`vehicles') and the various types of progress that have been made over the years. Much of the progress we have made in communicating is rooted strongly in our past. Much of the future of our communication vehicles will be rooted in our present and our understanding of our present. In this paper, we focus our discussion on six aspects of communication: (1) communication vehicles for teaching and learning; (2) forums for communication-wide interchange of ideas; (3) vehicles for search-and-retrieval of information; (4) the richness of the communication media set; (5) venues of communication-where we communicate and the tools we use; and (6) the idea of linearity in communication