IL-1 in gingival crevicular fluid following closed root planing and papillary flap debridement

Interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and beta are cytokines which can mediate inflammatory, bone resorbing, and reparative effects in the periodontium, but few longitudinal data exist exploring their role following periodontal therapy. This study examined gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentrations of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta at sites with shallow sulci (SS) or inflamed moderate/advanced pockets (M/AP) before and 6 months after treatment with closed scaling/root planing (SC/RP) or papillary flap debridement (PFD), all in the same subject (n = 14 patients). No significant differences were noted in IL-1 alpha or beta concentrations (determined with two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) between SS and M/AP sites at baseline. While both therapies improved clinical parameters of periodontal disease, IL-1 alpha concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) in M/AP-PFD sites 6 months after treatment, but were unchanged in other groups. IL-1 beta concentrations were numerically lower after therapy, except for a significant increase (p < 0.05) in M/AP-PFD sites. These data suggest that surgical wound healing in an inflamed, plaque-infected site (M/AP-PFD) results in prolonged production of IL-1, which may be a reflection of the extent of tissue trauma and delayed wound healing. In spite of increased IL-1 levels, these sites demonstrated significant short-term improvement in clinical attachment level (+ 1.8 mm, p < or = 0.001) postoperatively.     

Transesophageal echocardiography: implications for the critical care nurse

TEE is an exciting and useful diagnostic tool that is rapidly gaining widespread acceptance in both teaching centers and community hospitals. Because of the semi-invasive nature of the procedure, nursing expertise is essential to ensure patient safety and comfort during the TEE examination.     

The contrast enhancement of brain and spinal cord tumors using Gd-DTPA in magnetic resonance tomography with an extra-low magnetic-field intensity

The contrasting agent Gd-DTPA (Magnevist, Schering AG, Germany) was tested when used in magnetic resonance tomography using extra-low (0.04 T) magnetic field intensity in 68 patients with various brain and spine tumors. The agent was injected intravenously in a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. No complications were found. The tests showed its high efficiency in the diagnosis of brain neoplasms (particularly in malignant intracerebral disorders, meningiomas and neurinomas). Benign astrocytomas induced no noticeable signal intensification on post-contrasting T1-weighed tomograms. In all cases of spinal tumors, the application of Gd-DTPA could specify the extent of tumor invasions, the presence of cysts and identify accessory tumor nodes in one case.     

The incidence and characteristics of the clinical picture of recurrent myocardial infarct in the rural population

As many as 3033 patients with myocardial infarction residing in rural areas were kept under observation. In this population, myocardial reinfarction (MRI) was diagnosed in 411 subjects, with 78.8% having had it for 4 years. Those MRI patients ranging between 51 to 60 years showed the greatest prevalence (44.3%). The ratio of micro- to macrofocal (through-and-through) MRI was 1:3, that of males to females 9:1. Microfocal MRI was commonly associated with a pain-free variant of the disease (23.5%) with low frequency of thromboembolic complications (3.1%). Every fifth patient with macrofocal (through-and-through) renecrosis presented with aneurysm of the heart. In a 10-year and longer follow-up, mortality from MRI was 43.6 percent among patients with macrofocal MRI, while deaths attributable to microfocal MRI were estimated to be 28.9 percent. High mortality rates suggest great severity of illness and low efficacy of the drug therapy adopted.     

Bilateral loss of vestibular function: clinical findings in 53 patients

The clinical presentations and aetiologies of a series of 53 cases of bilateral vestibular failure (BVF) seen by the authors over a decade were evaluated by retrospective review of the medical records. Thirty-nine per cent of patients had associated neurological disease; 13% had a progressive cerebellar syndrome with disabling gait ataxia, abnormal eye movements and cerebellar atrophy on neuro-imaging. BVF was usually unsuspected. Nine per cent had cranial or peripheral neuropathies and in this group there was no abnormality of brain stem/cerebellar oculomotor function, but hearing loss was common. Eleven per cent revealed BVF and hearing loss secondary to meningitis, and 6% had other neurological disorders. Idiopathic BVF was found in 21% of cases, characterised by paroxysmal vertigo and/or oscillopsia, but no abnormal clinical signs. Gentamicin ototoxicity accounted for a further 17%, while autoimmune disease was present in 9% of patients. Otological or neoplastic disease was diagnosed in the remaining 13% of patients. It was concluded that neurological, audiological and ocular motor assessments allow the probable cause of BVF to be defined in approximately 80% of cases. A group of BVF related to autoimmune pathologies is reported for the first time, indicating the need for immunological screening. Idiopathic BVF may present with only minor visual or vestibular symptoms, while in patients with cerebellar degeneration, BVF may be unsuspected and, thus, underdiagnosed.     

Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection in neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988-1997)

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical signs, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, treatments administered, and clinical outcome of neonatal foals with enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 54 neonatal foals. RESULTS: Most foals had acute onset of obtunded mentation, colic, or diarrhea and developed leukopenia, neutropenia, an abnormally high number of band neutrophils, toxic WBC, and hypoproteinemia within 24 hours after admission, despite high serum IgG concentrations (> 800 mg/dl). Abdominocentesis and abdominal radiography of some foals revealed exudative peritonitis and gaseous distention of the small and large intestine, respectively. Cytologic examination of feces revealed spores or gram-positive rods in 8 of 10 foals. The most common genotypes of C perfringens isolates were type A and C, alone or in combination. Treatment did not alter mortality rate for most foals that had a positive culture for C perfringens type C. Of 54 foals, 29 (54%) that had C perfringens-associated enterocolitis died. Foals that had a culture that yielded C perfringens had higher sepsis scores, IgG concentrations, and mortality rates, compared with the overall hospital population of neonatal foals. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Foals less than 7 days old that have enterocolitis associated with C perfringens infections, especially type C, have a guarded prognosis. Cytologic examination of feces to determine spore counts and detect rods may be a means for early identification of C perfringens infections. Polymerase chain reaction assays to determine genotype are important for designing preventive treatment regimens.     

Temporal and molecular characteristics of lacZ mutations in somatic tissues of transgenic mice

In order to help establish criteria for optimizing protocols for in vivo mutation studies, lacZ transgenic mice (Muta mouse) were treated with five consecutive daily doses of ethylnitrosourea (50 mg/kg), sampled at times up to 55 days after treatment, and mutant frequencies and DNA sequences determined for liver and bone marrow. In the bone marrow, the mutant frequency rose very rapidly in the first 5 days after treatment to 34 times the control frequency. Subsequently, there was a brood peak where the mutant frequency did not vary significantly, although it did appear to begin to decline after 45 days. In contrast, in the liver, the peak mutant frequency (11 times the control frequency) was not achieved until 35 days, after which there appeared to be a slow decline up to 55 days, which was not statistically significant. Once the maximum mutant frequency was reached, the mutation spectra in the two tissues were indistinguishable. In contrast to the G:C-->A:T transitions in 5'-CpG sites characteristic of untreated mice, A:T-->T:A transversions and A:T-->G:C transitions were prominent in both liver and bone marrow of ENU-treated mice, suggesting the involvement of unrepaired O2- and O4-ethylthymine adducts. In addition, G:C-->T:A transversions were induced in liver. This study demonstrates the possibility that although tissues may have different mutation fixation times, a single mutation fixation time equal to the longest time may be appropriate for in vivo mutation studies, provided that the mutation frequency does not decline appreciably after the peak is reached. This study also illustrates the necessity of ensuring that mutation characteristics are determined after optimal fixation has occurred.