Cognitive inhibition and working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Studies of cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have emphasized the ability to suppress motor responses (i.e., behavioral inhibition) rather than the ability to actively suppress prepotent mental representations (i.e., cognitive inhibition). Further, working memory deficits are suspected in ADHD, yet their distinction from cognitive inhibition is unclear. Two hundred and eighty-eight adolescent and adult participants, 115 of whom met criteria for ADHD and 173 of whom were for non-ADHD comparison, completed a sentence processing task that required the suppression of an incorrect interpretation and a working memory task. The results failed to support cognitive inhibition problems in ADHD. Moreover, the ability to reanalyze sentences with a temporary misinterpretation was at least partially related to working memory performance. The results challenge a unitary inhibition problem in ADHD and suggest inhibition problems do not extend to cognitive suppression in this age range. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between price, amounts of saturated and trans fats, and nutrient content claims on margarines and oils.

PURPOSE: Modifications to the amount and type of fat in the diet are recommended as strategies to help reduce heart disease risk. Individuals can choose from a variety of margarines and oils to alter their intakes of different types of fats, and nutrient content claims on product labels (e.g., 'low in saturated fat') can help them quickly identify healthful products. However, margarines and oils vary in price. METHODS: To examine the relationship between the price and amounts of saturated and trans fats in margarines and oils, and the relationship between price and the presence of nutrient content claims, price and label information were recorded for margarines (n=229) and oils (n=342) sold in the major supermarkets within the Greater Toronto Area. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between the price and amounts of saturated fat and trans fats in margarines, but not in oils. Margarines with a nutrient content claim were significantly more expensive than were those without a claim. CONCLUSIONS: The findings for margarines are of particular concern for lower income groups for whom budgetary constraints result in the purchase of lower priced foods, and also raise important questions about the usefulness of nutrient content claims in guiding food selections.     

Egg concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in double-crested (Phalacrocorax auritus) and pelagic (P. pelagicus) cormorants from the Strait of Georgia,Canada, 1973-1998

Eggs of double-crested and pelagic cormorants were collected between 1973 and 1998 from colonies in the Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada, and assayed for concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho- and mono-ortho-biphenyls (PCBs). Double-crested cormorant eggs contained (on average) up to 433 ng kg(-1) wet weight 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 151 ng kg(-1) 1,2,3,7,8-PnCDD, and 74 ng kg(-1) 2,3,7,8-TCDD, whereas pelagic cormorant eggs contained up to 300, 99, and 28 ng kg(-1) wet weight of these respective congeners. The dominant non-ortho-PCB was CB-126, which ranged as high as 2263 ng kg(-1) in double-crested cormorant eggs. Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs fell dramatically in the early 1990s, following both severe restrictions on the use of chlorophenolic wood preservatives and antisapstains and a switch from molecular chlorine bleaching to alternative bleaching technologies at pulp mills in the region. Concentrations of PCBs did not show similar marked declines over time. On the basis of total TEQs > or = 148 ng kg(-1) and previously published documentation of effects in siblings of the cormorant eggs analyzed here, double-crested cormorant young may have exhibited significantly elevated EROD activity and/or brain asymmetries at all colonies from 1973 to 1989 and even at some colonies during the 1990s. Pelagic cormorant eggs collected from a few colonies in 1988-1989 also contained total TEQs greater than the threshold value estimated for double-crested cormorants.     

Linking the thermal regimes of streams in the Great Lakes Basin,Ontario, to landscape and climate variables

The lack of geographically broad‐scale temperature data has limited our ability to classify stream temperatures and assess the processes affecting them. Continuous data (1 July 2005–30 June 2006) from 90 sites throughout the Great Lakes Basin (GLB) were used to classify and model the thermal regimes of streams in Ontario. Existing and newly developed temperature metrics were used to characterize the data for each site. The 90 sites clustered into three thermal regimes based on maximum weekly maximum temperature (°C) and spring rate of change (°C · d^?1). The centroids of regime 1, 2 and 3 had temperatures of 26.4, 28.4, 23.5°C and warming rates of 0.20, 0.12 and 0.10°C · d^?1, respectively. There was a regional pattern in the thermal regimes; most sites in the north were regime 1 and most sites in the south were regime 2 but neither regime was limited to those areas. Regime 3 sites were found throughout the study area. Discriminant function analysis indicated that per cent riparian forest, mean annual air temperature, per cent surface water and groundwater discharge potential influenced the thermal regimes at the sites, and demonstrated how variables at three spatial scales influence stream temperatures. This study provides a framework for thermal assessments elsewhere and demonstrates how anthropogenic activities such as riparian deforestation, groundwater withdrawal, stream regulation and climate change will all affect the main drivers of thermal regimes in streams. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capillarity induced solvent-actuated bonding of polymeric microfluidic devices

Rapid, robust, and economical fabrication of fluidic microchannels is of fundamental importance for the successful development of disposable lab-on-a-chip devices. In this work, we present a solvent-actuated bonding method for fabricating polymeric microfluidic devices at room temperature. A PMMA sheet with an imprinted microchannel was clamped to a blank PMMA sheet, and then 80 +/- 5 muL of acetone (bonding solvent) was introduced at one end of the fluidic channel and aspirated out at the other end. As the solvent moved down the channel, capillary forces drew a fraction of the solvent into the interstitial space between the two polymeric substrates. After aspiration, the assembly was incubated in the clamp for 5 min for effective bond formation. The quantity of the bonding solvent, its water content and flow rate, along with residence time in the channel were found to have significant impact on the bond quality and the channel integrity. Microfluidic electrophoretic separations of a 400-base DNA ladder were performed in devices fabricated using this method in less than 8 min with efficiencies routinely between 2 x 10(6) and 3 x 10(6) plates/m. The simplicity and economy of this technique make it amenable for automation and mass production, which could make polymeric substrates more attractive for single-use chemical analysis devices.     

Antioxidant Capacity and Antioxidant Content in Roots of 4 Sweetpotato Varieties

Abstract: The antioxidant contents (β-carotene, chlorogenic acid, and vitamin C) as well as the antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP, and ABTS) of 4 sweetpotato varieties were measured in this study. The sweetpotato varieties were cultivated under different water regimes and also subjected to thermal processing. The results show that the 2 orange-fleshed varieties (Resisto and W-119) contain significant more β-carotene, chlorogenic acid, and vitamin C than the 2 cream-fleshed varieties (Bosbok and Ndou). Thermal processing decreased the carotenoid and vitamin C content of all the varieties but increased the chlorogenic acid content and antioxidant capacity. Drought stress appears to increase the β-carotene, vitamin C, and chlorogenic acid contents as well as the antioxidant capacity of some of the sweetpotato varieties, especially W-119.     

Frequency-range discriminations and absolute pitch in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli), and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata).

The acoustic frequency ranges in birdsongs provide important absolute pitch cues for the recognition of conspecifics. Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli), and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were trained to sort tones contiguous in frequency into 8 ranges on the basis of associations between response to the tones in each range and reward. All 3 species acquired accurate frequency-range discriminations, but zebra finches acquired the discrimination in fewer trials and to a higher standard than black-capped or mountain chickadees, which did not differ appreciably in the discrimination. Chickadees' relatively poorer accuracy was traced to poorer discrimination of tones in the higher frequency ranges. During transfer tests, the discrimination generalized to novel tones when the training tones were included, but not when they were omitted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters.

Objective: This study investigated the association between mindfulness, other resilience resources, and several measures of health in 124 urban firefighters. Method: Participants completed health measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems and measures of resilience resources including mindfulness, optimism, personal mastery, and social support. The Mindful Awareness and Attention Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003) was used to assess mindfulness. Participants also completed measures of firefighter stress, number of calls, and years as a firefighter as control variables. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted with the health measures as the dependent variables with 3 levels of independent variables: (a) demographic characteristics, (b) firefighter variables, and (c) resilience resources. Results: The results showed that mindfulness was associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems when controlling for the other study variables. Personal mastery and social support were also related to fewer depressive symptoms, firefighter stress was related to more PTSD symptoms and alcohol problems, and years as a firefighter were related to fewer alcohol problems. Conclusions: Mindfulness may be important to consider and include in models of stress, coping, and resilience in firefighters. Future studies should examine the prospective relationship between mindfulness and health in firefighters and others in high-stress occupations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

A national survey of interns' perceptions of their preparation for counseling women and of the atmosphere of their graduate education.

268 psychology interns reported perceptions of training received on counseling women and the atmosphere of their graduate training. Results were mixed. Although the majority received training on issues such as rape and incest, women's issues were not incorporated into core courses, few reported courses on counseling women, and most had not received information on the Principles Concerning the Counseling and Therapy of Women (see record 1979-29494-001). Sex, program type, and internship setting differences were found. Although the majority did not report experiencing sex bias in terms of mentors, funding, and dissertation support, an alarming number of women experienced sexual harassment from male faculty and clinical supervisors. Implications for graduate training programs and internship sites are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Information technology as a resource to counter domestic sex trafficking in the United States

Globally, millions of individuals are victims of sex trafficking and are compelled to perform sexual acts through force, fraud, or coercion. Law enforcement agencies, non-profit organisations, and social entrepreneurs increasingly are using information technology as a resource to locate, identify, and rescue victims and find, arrest, and convict traffickers. In this qualitative case study, we partnered with a non-profit organisation that trains law enforcement officers to use information technology to counter sex trafficking. For this research study, we observed training courses, interviewed law enforcement officers and non-profit staff, and reviewed technology usage logs and other data sources. Some officers readily used the new information technology post-training, while others failed to use the new technology. Using conservation of resources theory as a sensitising lens, we identify two factors affecting the use of new technology post-training: the level of organisational resources available to individuals and the individual's perceptions of the new information technology as a resource. With these findings, we develop the Resources Model of Information Technology Use to explain how perceptions of organisational and technology resources affect information technology usage patterns and outcomes.