The formal definition of human/ machine communications

The specification of human/machine dialogues for general purpose terminals and special purpose consoles in a natural language is difficult and frequently leads to ambiguities and misinterpretations between terminal and dialogue constructors and users. In this paper, the problem of operator console definition is related to the problem of language and language translator definition. An efficient metalanguage tool (TBNF) for the handling of the latter problem is applied to the solution of the first problem. An example from the Telecontrol of a Power Network, being developed at ENHER (Barcelona, Spain), is described as an illustration.     

Cognitive and behavioral therapy for musical-performance anxiety.

Compared the efficiency of cognitive-behavioral therapy, emphasizing self-instruction and attention-focusing techniques, with behavior rehearsal and with a waiting-list control in the treatment of debilitating musical-performance anxiety. Ss were 53 pianists (aged 12–53 yrs old) who experienced extreme anxiety in performing situations. Therapy sessions were conducted over a 3-wk period; Ss met 3 times in small groups for 1?–2 hrs and also completed homework assignments. Self-report (e.g., Subjective Stress Scale, Expectations of Personal Efficacy Scale for Musicians), behavioral, and physiological indexes of anxiety were collected at baseline, treatment termination, and follow-up intervals. Multivariate analyses indicated that both the cognitive-behavioral therapy and behavior-rehearsal programs were effective in reducing musical-performance anxiety in comparison to the control condition at the follow-up assessment, although there were no differences among groups at treatment termination. Cognitive therapy was more effective than the behavior-rehearsal program on several measures. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Branched fatty acids from the caustic oxidation of isotridecyl oxo bottoms

Caustic oxidation has been used to convert the complex residue from the isotridecyl alcohol process (“C₁₃ oxo bottoms”) to simpler mixtures of highly branched, liquid carboxylic acids in about 65% combined yield. One of the products, produced in 34% yield, was a mixture of isotridecanoic acids formed mainly from C₁₃ alcohol and its ester. It was composed of 85% primary carboxylic acids and 15% secondary. The high boiling acids were largely C₂₆ secondary car-boxylic acids formed by oxidation of aldol dimers. The relative rates of esterification were stearic:C₁₃ acid:high boiling acids—1:0.35: 0.05. In addition, a 22% combined yield of neutrals consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and ethers was obtained. Presented at the ISF-AOCS World Congress, New York, April 1980.     

Thermally induced molecular disorder in human stratum corneum lipids compared with a model phospholipid system; FT-Raman spectroscopy

The molecular basis of lipid packing in human stratum corneum and a model phospholipid system has been studied as a function of temperature using Fourier Transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. Thermally induced molecular rearrangements of the model lipid system, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline (DPPC), and stratum corneum were investigated using FT Raman spectroscopy coupled to a heating chamber. Spectra were recorded for a range of sample temperatures and the results for the two systems were compared, producing previously unreported information of the thermal behaviour for the different systems. Discrete thermal events were recorded for both systems by plotting band separation of the lipid v(CH2) symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes against temperature. The main thermal events observed for DPPC included a 'pre-melting' between 37 and 39 degrees C, the main transition observed between 41 and 42 degrees C, a 'post-transition' between 42 and 43 degrees C and three minor transitions at 58-60, 65-70 and 75-80 degrees C. No evidence was found for the pre-transition of DPPC, previously observed at 34-35 degrees C. The main transitions for human stratum corneum were observed at 35-45, 55, 72 and 83 degrees C, measured from lipid CH2 stretching and bending vibrations. The keratin thermal transition at about 100 degrees C exerted little effect on the lipid bands and no characterisable structural changes were reflected in the keratotic bands.     

Excited-state absorption of Pr-doped fluoride crystals

The absorption and emission properties of the 4f-5d transition of trivalent praseodymium in fluoride crystals have been characterized, including the CaF₂, SrF₂, LiYF₄ and BaY₂F₈ hosts. The emmission from the 4f5d state to numerous 4f² levels is observed, and the emission decay time is in the range of 25–29 ns. Attempts to measure gain on the 5d→4f transition have been unsuccessful, as a consequence of an interfering excited state absorption transition due to and electronic transition from the 5d orbital to the conduction band of the host.     

Mesoscale simulation of molecular resists: The effect of PAG distribution homogeneity on LER

In order to better understand the effects of PAG distribution homogeneity on LER, a mesoscale kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of molecular resists was developed. PAG distribution was controlled by creating random aggregates of PAGs with different sizes. Many common experimentally found defects were recreated in the model simply by increasing the amount of PAG aggregation. LER increases with increasing PAG aggregation for resists with short photoacid diffusion lengths. Increasing the diffusion length helps to smooth out the initial PAG distribution inhomogeneity, but still induces LER through the effect of random diffusion of photoacid outside of the patterned region. PAG aggregation was found to play an important role in LER formation, and affirms that efforts to reduce PAG aggregation and increase PAG distribution homogeneity will likely be critical to meet edge roughness requirements for future ITRS roadmap patterning nodes.     

Effect of acid anion on the behavior of single component molecular resists incorporating ionic photoacid generators

A series of single component chemically amplified molecular resists were made using an onium salt cation core of tris(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)-3,5-dimethylphenyl)sulfonium (TAS) with five different acid anions: chloride (Cl), hexafluoroantimonate (SbF₆), triflate (Tf), nonaflate (Nf), and tosylate (Ts). The counter-ion had a large effect on both the performance and physical characteristics of the resists. TAS–SbF₆ and TAS–Tf imaged as positive tone resists with good LER, but suffered from acid diffusion problems which limited resolution. TAS–Ts and TAS–Cl had high water solubility that prevented their use as positive tone resists. TAS–Nf had poor wetting and adhesion that prevented it from being spin-coated into films. Using onium salts as single molecule resists places great restriction on the choice of anion used because of the large effect it has on the properties of the resist. Using extreme ultraviolet lithography, TAS–SbF₆, the best performing derivative, was able to resolve 50 nm 1:1 line/space patterns with LER (3σ) of 5.2 nm.