A Versatile Fluoro‐Containing Low‐Bandgap Polymer for Efficient Semitransparent and Tandem Polymer Solar Cells

The versatility of a fluoro‐containing low band‐gap polymer, poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b’]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(5‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothia‐diazole)] (PCPDTFBT) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) applications is demonstrated. High boiling point 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene (TCB) is used as a solvent to manipulate PCPDTFBT:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) active layer morphology to obtain high‐performance single‐junction devices. It promotes the crystallization of PCPDTFBT polymer, thus improving the charge‐transport properties of the active layer. By combining the morphological manipulation with interfacial optimization and device engineering, the single‐junction device exhibits both good air stability and high power‐conversion efficiency (PCE, of 6.6%). This represents one of the highest PCE values for cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b’]dithiophene (CPDT)‐based OPVs. This polymer is also utilized for constructing semitransparent solar cells and double‐junction tandem solar cells to demonstrate high PCEs of 5.0% and 8.2%, respectively.     

Distributed key management scheme for peer‐to‐peer live streaming services

Live media streaming over peer‐to‐peer (P2P) network structures is commonplace nowadays. However, with the large number of users in a typical P2P system, it is impractical to use the central server to process the key information update requests of all the users Accordingly, the present study proposes a distributed key management scheme in which the server is only required to transmit the key update information to a limited number of users. To further reduce the load on the server, the update information is distributed using a hop‐by‐hop approach. An effective method is proposed for protecting the key update information as it is propagated through the network. In addition, a technique is presented for ensuring the security of the certificates used in the system It is shown that the distributed key management scheme and authentication procedure ensure an efficient and secure P2P live streaming performance even in the event of high churn rates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Architectural Design Issues in a Clockless 32‐Bit Processor Using an Asynchronous HDL

As technology evolves into the deep submicron level, synchronous circuit designs based on a single global clock have incurred problems in such areas as timing closure and power consumption. An asynchronous circuit design methodology is one of the strong candidates to solve such problems. To verify the feasibility and efficiency of a large‐scale asynchronous circuit, we design a fully clockless 32‐bit processor. We model the processor using an asynchronous HDL and synthesize it using a tool specialized for asynchronous circuits with a top‐down design approach. In this paper, two microarchitectures, basic and enhanced, are explored. The results from a pre‐layout simulation utilizing 0.13‐μm CMOS technology show that the performance and power consumption of the enhanced microarchitecture are respectively improved by 109% and 30% with respect to the basic architecture. Furthermore, the measured power efficiency is about 238 μW/MHz and is comparable to that of a synchronous counterpart.     

Analysis of Failure in Miniature X‐ray Tubes with Gated Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters

We correlate the failure in miniature X‐ray tubes with the field emission gate leakage current of gated carbon nanotube emitters. The miniature X‐ray tube, even with a small gate leakage current, exhibits an induced voltage on the gate electrode by the anode bias voltage, resulting in a very unstable operation and finally a failure. The induced gate voltage is apparently caused by charging at the insulating spacer of the miniature X‐ray tube through the gate leakage current of the field emission. The gate leakage current could be a criterion for the successful fabrication of miniature X‐ray tubes.     

Mobile Oriented Future Internet (MOFI):Architectural Design and Implementations

With the recent growth in smartphone services, the “mobile” environment has become a key factor to consider in the design of the future Internet. In this paper, we propose Mobile‐Oriented Future Internet (MOFI), which is a new architecture for the future Internet for mobile‐oriented environments. The MOFI architecture is designed with three functional features: global identifier and local locator in the identifier‐locator separation, query‐first data delivery for route optimization, and distributed control of identifier‐locator mapping. The proposed architecture and functional operations are implemented and tested using the Linux platform. From the experiment results, we see that the MOFI architecture performs better than the existing identifier‐locator separation schemes, such as Proxy Mobile IP and Host Identity Protocol, in terms of data throughout, mapping control overhead, and handover delay.     

Fabrication of Superjunction Trench Gate Power MOSFETs Using BSG‐Doped Deep Trench of p‐Pillar

In this paper, we propose a superjunction trench gate MOSFET (SJ TGMOSFET) fabricated through a simple p pillar forming process using deep trench and boron silicate glass doping process technology to reduce the process complexity. Throughout the various boron doping experiments, as well as the process simulations, we optimize the process conditions related with the p pillar depth, lateral boron doping concentration, and diffusion temperature. Compared with a conventional TGMOSFET, the potential of the SJ TGMOSFET is more uniformly distributed and widely spread in the bulk region of the n drift layer due to the trenched p‐pillar. The measured breakdown voltage of the SJ TGMOSFET is at least 28% more than that of a conventional device.     

基于FPGA的全数字锁相环设计研究

介绍了一种基于FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)的全数字锁相环设计方法与性能研究, 详细叙述了基于FPGA的全数字锁相环系统的硬件设计构成和软件构建思路,并运用VHDL硬件描述语言实现了全数字锁相环系统,给出了电路系统的仿真结果.通过仿真结果对锁相环系统进行了简要的性能分析.     

毫米波辐射图像目标定位技术研究

针对毫米波辐射图像中目标定位的问题,提出了一种基于区域标记的毫米波辐射图像金属目标定位算法.该算法通过分析金属的毫米波辐射特性以及毫米波辐射图像的特点,利用区域标记算法对图像中金属目标进行分割,并引入基于面积的虚假目标去除准则,采用计算重心的方法实现了金属目标的定位.实验表明,该算法既能对图像中单个金属目标又能对图像中多个金属目标实现准确定位,且不论目标的外形如何,都能得到其精确的中心坐标,为下一步目标的选择与跟踪提供了依据.     

Organic Heterocyclic Strategy for Precisely Regulating Electronic State of Palladium Interface to Boost Alcohol Oxidation

Exploring highly-efficient palladium (Pd)-based electrocatalysts for the alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR) is crucial yet challenging for chemists due to the vague Pd interface with an uncontrollable electronic environment. Herein, an organic heterocyclic strategy is used for the first time to modulate the electronic state of Pd electrocatalysts by anchoring Pd nanoparticles to conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with varied S-, N-, O-, or S, N-heterocycles. Among these CMPs, the S, N-containing thiazole heterocyclic polymer SNC with Pd catalyst exhibits highly-efficient current densities of 1575.0 mA mg_Pd⁻¹ for methanol oxidation and 1071.0 mA mg_Pd⁻¹ for ethanol oxidation, which are among the highest performance in the heterocyclic modulated Pd systems and surpass the commercial Pd black catalyst. Detailed theory calculations suggest that although the furan (O-heterocycle) polymer OC has the strongest charge transfer (0.057 |e|) with the Pd cluster, the moderate electron transfer (0.041 |e|) of the Pd /SNC heterojunction with an S···N···Pd noncovalent interaction shows the best catalytic reaction kinetics. Moreover, the d-band of the Pd /SNC system is closer to the volcano vertex than its counterparts. These results indicate that appropriate electron transfer intensity regulation of Pd electronic state by well-defined heterocyclic structures may significantly improve AOR activity.     

Quadratic Stabilization of Uncertain Discrete-Time Switched Systems via Output Feedback

Quadratic stabilization of discrete-time switched systems with norm-bounded time-varying uncertainties is studied. A robust switching rule is proposed to stabilize switched systems by using a designed switched static or dynamic output feedback controller. All the switching rules adopted are constructively designed and state dependent, and they do not rely on any uncertainties.