Chaotic bubbles and phase locking for a shaker system in the vicinity of three coexisting critical points

In this paper, the dynamical model of the shaker system, Poincaré maps, Jacobian matrix and power spectrum are established. Different phase-locking phenomena and chaotic bubbles are investigated in the vicinity of three coexisting critical points including Hopf–Hopf bifurcation point, 1:3 resonance point and 1:4 resonance point. In two strong resonance cases, phase-locking dynamics and associated bifurcations are easily to occur. Coexisting attractors have also been introduced to provide mechanisms for chaotic bubbles with connections between pieces. The occurrence of phase locking on doubling torus to multi-period leads to interruption of torus-doubling bifurcation. Isolated chaotic bubbles are birth via period-doubling bifurcation of such a multi-period. Phase-locking phenomena on T² torus are also observed in such a neighborhood of critical points. The number of periods on torus by phase locking can be identified by power spectrum methods. The system parameters may be optimized by studying of phase-locking dynamics of this system.     

Effect of heat treatment on the properties of soy protein‐stabilised emulsions

The effect of heat treatment on the properties of soy protein‐stabilised emulsions was investigated. Emulsions were prepared with unheated and heat‐treated soy protein (NSP and HSP) dispersions. Heating on soy protein dispersions at 95 °C for 30 min resulted in smaller average oil droplet size, lower tendency for oil droplet flocculation, higher protein adsorption and lower viscosity. The properties of emulsions were significantly influenced by the protein concentration. The sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) profiles showed that the heat treatment on soy protein dispersions increased the protein adsorption at O/W interface. The viscosity of all samples at low shear rate was inversely proportional to the d₃₂, suggesting a positive relation to the total interfacial area per unit volume. Emulsions showed shear‐thinning behaviour. The relaxation time was found to increase with aqueous phase viscosity determined by the Cross viscosity model.     

Reducing and radical-scavenging activities of whey protein hydrolysates prepared with Alcalase

Antioxidant activities of whey protein isolate (WPI) hydrolysates prepared by Alcalase treatment at different concentrations and times were investigated. The antioxidant activity of WPI hydrolysates, indicated by peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values in a liposome-oxidizing system, increased with increasing hydrolysis time up to 5 h (P < 0.05). The WPI hydrolysates also showed greater radical-scavenging ability, greater Cu²⁺-chelating ability and improved reducing power when compared with non-hydrolysed WPI (P < 0.05). An increase in protein concentration was shown to significantly enhance antioxidant activities (P < 0.05). Although non-hydrolysed WPI displayed an antioxidative effect, it was far less potent than the hydrolysed WPI. This study shows that enzyme-hydrolysed WPI can act as a hydrogen donor, a metal ion chelator, and a radical stabiliser to inhibit lipid oxidation. The WPI hydrolysates produced by Alcalase could be employed in the food industry as an antioxidant to replace synthetic antioxidants.     

Tooth flank modification theory of dual-torus double-enveloping hourglass worm drives

In this paper, the theory of tooth flank modification is enriched and developed for a double-enveloping toroidal worm drive. The goal and significance of the modification are expounded from the point of view of changing the tooth flank configuration for the worm gear pair. It is pointed out that the constant center distance modification, the constant transmission ratio modification, and the combination of the previous two are the convenient and reasonable modification strategies. All the corrected hourglass worm pairs, attained by employing the preceding modification methodology, can be divided into two fundamental types: the type I worm pair and the type II worm pair, from the perspective of the meshing behavior. The division criterion of the worm drive type is moreover provided on the basis of the value range of the modification parameters in this study. The meshing characteristics of the two types of the modified globoidal worm drive are summarized in detail. The results indicate that the type II worm gearing with slight modification should be the preferred style for the double-enveloping toroidal worm drive.     

Effect of Ga Doping Concentration on Electrical and Optical Properties of Nano-ZnO:Ga Transparent Conductive Films

Transparent conductive nano ZnO thin films with different Ga doping concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7 at.%) were prepared on glass substrate by RF magnetron sputtering. The influence of Ga doping concentration on the structural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO:Ga films was investigated by XRD, SEM, Hall measurement and optical-transmission spectroscopy. It shows that the nano ZnO:Ga films are dense and flat, and have polycrystalline structure with preferential (002) and weak (101) orientation. The grain sizes, carrier concentration and Hall mobility changes non-linearly with the increase of Ga-content. The lowest resistivity of 1.44×10⁻³ Ωcm appears at 3 at.% Ga doping concentration. The average transmittance of the films is about 80∼90% in the visible range. The optical band gap obtained for these films is larger than for pure ZnO (∼3.37 eV).     

3D characterization of intermetallics in a high pressure die cast Mg alloy using focused ion beam tomography

The degree of spatial interconnection of the Mg₁₇Al₁₂ (β-phase) intermetallic in a Mg–9Al–1Zn alloy was assessed through serial sectioning at the centre and near a corner in a casting cross-section. The three dimensional reconstructions showed that the intermetallics were profusely interconnected forming a scaffold-like network over the entire cross-section, but especially near the casting surface. The scale and degree of the interconnection appeared determined by the local concentration of large dendritic grains injected from the shot sleeve. The volume fractions of intermetallics obtained through the 3D reconstruction indicated a higher content of β-phase at the corner regions in comparison with the core. The volume fractions obtained by FIB were consistent with theoretical and experimental values obtained using other techniques.     

Effects of mass layer dimension on a finite quartz crystal microbalance

In this paper, a gradient crystal plasticity model in a polycrystalline grain structure is investigated. Hereby, the focus is on the influence of the grain boundary conditions. A new type of grain boundary conditions is introduced, the so-called micro-flexible boundary condition. In particular, it is compared to existing grain boundary conditions of plastic slip. Numerical results are given for the stress?Cstrain response as well as for the plastic slip field in the grain structure.     

NiCuZn ferrite flakes prepared using a sol-gel bubble method and its magnetic properties

Ni_0.23Cu_0.11Zn_0.66Fe₂O₄ ferrite flakes, with thickness of about 8 μm and average diameter of 20-35 μm, were prepared using a sol-gel bubble method. Morphology, phase evolution, static and dynamic magnetic properties of the flakes and their composites were studied. Magnetic measurements showed that easy magnetization direction of the flaky filler composite was parallel to its sample plane. Composites made of silicone resins and flakes had higher complex permeability, which can be attributed to the reduction in demagnetization factor due to their flaky shapes. This sol-gel bubble method should be also applicable to fabricating flakes of other multi-component oxides.     

A study on the origin of emission of the annealed n-ZnO/p-GaN heterostructure LED

We report the effects of thermal annealing in air and N₂ ambient on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) films deposited on a p-GaN substrate. Also, we report on the fabrication and device characterization of heterojunction light-emitting diodes based on the n-ZnO/p-GaN systems. In the case of N₂ ambient, room-temperature electroluminescence (EL) in the violet region with peak wavelength 400 nm was observed under forward bias. In air ambient, EL spectrum consisted of a broad band from 400 nm to 700 nm due to the Ga-O mixed region formed interface between the ZnO and GaN layer.