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141.
Guillon S Saya D Mazenq L Perisanu S Vincent P Lazarus A Thomas O Nicu L 《Nanotechnology》2011,22(24):245501
In this paper, we investigate the effects of non-ideal clamping shapes on the dynamic behavior of silicon nanocantilevers. We fabricated silicon nanocantilevers using silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers by employing stepper ultraviolet (UV) lithography, which permits a resolution of under 100 nm. The nanocantilevers were driven by electrostatic force inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Both lateral and out-of-plane resonance frequencies were visually detected with the SEM. Next, we discuss overhanging of the cantilever support and curvature at the clamping point in the silicon nanocantilevers, which generally arises in the fabrication process. We found that the fundamental out-of-plane frequency of a realistically clamped cantilever is always lower than that for a perfectly clamped cantilever, and depends on the cantilever width and the geometry of the clamping point structure. Using simulation with the finite-elements method, we demonstrate that this discrepancy is attributed to the particular geometry of the clamping point (non-zero joining curvatures and a flexible overhanging) that is obtained in the fabrication process. The influence of the material orthotropy is also investigated and is shown to be negligible. 相似文献
142.
Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art 总被引:1,自引:4,他引:1
Cooperative multi-agent systems (MAS) are ones in which several agents attempt, through their interaction, to jointly solve
tasks or to maximize utility. Due to the interactions among the agents, multi-agent problem complexity can rise rapidly with
the number of agents or their behavioral sophistication. The challenge this presents to the task of programming solutions
to MAS problems has spawned increasing interest in machine learning techniques to automate the search and optimization process.
We provide a broad survey of the cooperative multi-agent learning literature. Previous surveys of this area have largely focused
on issues common to specific subareas (for example, reinforcement learning, RL or robotics). In this survey we attempt to
draw from multi-agent learning work in a spectrum of areas, including RL, evolutionary computation, game theory, complex systems,
agent modeling, and robotics. We find that this broad view leads to a division of the work into two categories, each with
its own special issues: applying a single learner to discover joint solutions to multi-agent problems (team learning), or using multiple simultaneous learners, often one per agent (concurrent learning). Additionally, we discuss direct and indirect communication in connection with learning, plus open issues in task decomposition,
scalability, and adaptive dynamics. We conclude with a presentation of multi-agent learning problem domains, and a list of
multi-agent learning resources. 相似文献