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121.
Craig S. Long Albert A. Groenwold 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2004,61(6):837-855
Reduced integration is frequently used in evaluating the element stiffness matrix of quadratically interpolated finite elements. Typical examples are the serendipity (Q8) and Lagrangian (Q9) membrane finite elements, for which a reduced 2 × 2 Gauss–Legendre integration rule is frequently used, as opposed to full 3 × 3 Gauss–Legendre integration. This ‘softens’ these element, thereby increasing accuracy, albeit at the introduction of spurious zero energy modes on the element level. This is in general not considered problematic for the ‘hourglass’ mode common to Q8 and Q9 elements, since this spurious mode is non‐communicable. The remaining two zero energy modes occurring in the Q9 element are indeed communicable. However, in topology optimization for instance, conditions may arise where the non‐communicable spurious mode associated with the elements becomes activated. To effectively suppress these modes altogether in elements employing quadratic interpolation fields, two modified quadratures are employed herein. For the Q8 and Q9 membrane elements, the respective rules are a five and an eight point rule. As compared to fully integrated elements, the new rules enhance element accuracy due to the introduction of soft, higher‐order deformation modes. A number of standard test problems reveal that element accuracy remains comparable to that of the under‐integrated counterparts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
122.
分析了竞争条件下政府干预经济的原因,阐述了政府干预经济的作用,进而指出了政府干预经济存在的一些失误,提出政府干预经济应注意的问题,从而形成一个平等、高效的市场经济局面。 相似文献
123.
采用柠檬酸-硝酸盐法合成了碱土金属双掺杂的Pr0.6CaxSr0.4-xFeO3-δ(X=0.0-0.4)系列复合氧化物粉体,用TG-DTA,XRD,FT-IR,SEM等手段对产物中钙钛矿物相的形成及微结构进行了表征,结果表明,样品在800℃焙烧2h后显现钙钛矿结构的主要衍射峰;随热处理温度的升高,XRD谱峰强度逐渐增大,1000℃煅烧2h即得到正交钙钛矿结构的单相固溶体;系列样品结晶化程度和晶粒尺寸随样品中Ca含量的增大而减小;电导率测试结果表明,Ca^2+、Sr^2+双掺杂样品的电导率随Sr^2+含量的增大而增大,低温段(T≤650℃)烧结陶瓷体的导电行为遵循小极化子导电机制。 相似文献
124.
A new technique for the preparation of CuI nanoparticles from CuSO4 and KI ethanol solutions has been developed. Preparation conditions were optimized through a series of experiments. Under
these conditions, the yield of CuI reached 95.39%. The product was characterized and the reaction kinetics was studied. The
results show that the product takes a roughly spherical shape with an average particle size of less then 50 nm. The activation
energy of the formation of CuI is found to be E
a = 0.58 × 102 kJ/mol, and the preexponential factor in the Arrhenius equation is k
0 = 7.43 × 1016 mol/(l s).
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
125.
建立垂直管吸收器管内泡式吸收过程中传热传质的数学物理模型,对其泡式吸收过程进行数值研究,获得泡式吸收方式的一些传热传质特性,为吸收器的优化设计提供一定理论指导。 相似文献
126.
Hong Long Chen 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,23(4):171-181
The difficulty in applying the standard curve (S-curve) and cost-schedule integration (CSI) techniques for company-level cost flow forecasting in a project-based industry is the prerequisite of forecasting future unknown individual projects and contract classifications. By analyzing cost flows at the company level through a pool of macroeconomic and internal financial data, this paper proposes an innovative approach to firm-specific model estimation. First, a series of data transformations introduce linear relationships between cost, macroeconomic, and internal financial variables. Second, multivariate regression analysis is employed for initial model building. Third, for the purposes of model restructuring, a subsequent application of Yule–Walker estimates and incomplete principal component analysis is used. This paper uses a sample of four project-based construction firms to demonstrate model performance. Using this methodology, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of the forecasting models range from 0.27 to 0.60%. As such, the transformed cost, macroeconomic, internal financial data could strongly predict company-level cost flow forecasting. While converting the predicted cumulative cost data to periodic cost flows, the MAPE values were augmented, ranging from 7.04 to 17.55%, thus, requiring future research. 相似文献
127.
Multichannel security protocols transmit messages over multiple communication channels, taking into account each channel's security properties. Our first intentional use of these protocols goes back to a 1999 article that proposed physical contact for imprinting as opposed to the wireless channel used in subsequent operations. Only later did we understand three key points. First, explicit use of multiple channels in the same protocol can offer significant advantages for both security and usability. Second, explicitly stating the properties of the channel on which each protocol message is transmitted is useful for understanding one's own protocol in greater depth and therefore for addressing subtle vulnerabilities early on. Third, multichannel protocols existed long before we recognized them as such - think of the courier handcuffed to the briefcase carrying the code book that will later protect postal or telegraphic traffic. The paper presents a security protocol that exploit additional transmissions over lower-capacity channels, typically found in ubicomp environments, that offer a different combination of security properties. 相似文献
128.
ISIS全局优化多道反演技术在墩2块岩性油藏描述中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为进一步落实墩2块戴一段岩性油藏成藏规模及分布规律,针对该储层薄、横向变化快的特点,利用ISIS全局优化多道反演技术,对该构造区岩性储层进行了精细描述,较好的预测出戴一段储层平面分布规律。 相似文献
129.
以循环内皮细胞(CEC)作为血管内皮细胞(VEC)损伤的指示物,以血浆内皮素(ET)和前列环素(PGI2)反映VEC的功能变化,对85例冠心病患者与30例正常人进行对比研究,并对50例不稳定型心绞痛及20例急性心肌梗塞进行了动态观察.结果表明:冠心病外周血中CEC、ET明显升高(P<0.001),PGI2明显下降(P<0.001),尤以不稳定型心绞痛和急性心肌梗塞更显著,与病情的严重程度相一致.提示冠心病VEC损伤,以及它所分泌的内皮源性舒缩因子失平衡参与了冠心病的病理过程。 相似文献
130.
A wideband low-noise pseudomorphic HEMT MMIC variable-gain amplifier has been designed and fabricated. The amplifier has a nominal gain of 13 dB across the band 2-20 GHz, with gain flatness better than ±0.4 dB. The noise figure is less than 3 dB across the band 6-16 GHz. An on-chip temperature-sensing diode is used to provide a linear temperature correction which has been used to reduce the gain variation of the amplifier by a factor of 2 across the temperature range -50°C to +95°C 相似文献