Ligand‐Free Synthesis of Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals and their Use as Optical Spacers in Color‐Tuned Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells

The color of polymer solar cells using an opaque electrode is given by the reflected light, which depends on the composition and thickness of each layer of the device. Metal‐oxide‐based optical spacers are intensively studied in polymer solar cells aiming to optimize the light absorption. However, the low conductivity of materials such as ZnO and TiO₂ limits the thickness of such optical spacers to tenths of nanometers. A novel synthesis route of cluster‐free Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) nanocrystals (NCs) is presented for solution processing of highly conductive layers without the need of temperature annealing, including thick optical spacers on top of polymer blends. The processing of 80 nm thick optical spacers based on AZO nanocrystal solutions on top of 200 nm thick polymer blend layer is demonstrated leading to improved photocurrent density of 17% compared to solar cells using standard active layers of 90 nm in combination with thin ZnO‐based optical spacers. These AZO NCs also open new opportunities for the processing of high‐efficiency color tuned solar cells. For the first time, it is shown that applying solution‐processed thick optical spacer with polymer blends of different thicknesses can process solar cells of similar efficiency over 7% but of different colors.     

供暖系统诊断与应用

本文简要介绍供暖系统诊断的基本方法和特点,并通过供暖工程诊断实例作进一本步说明.该供暖工程采用了本文诊断方法,供暖质量明显提高,燃料和电力消耗分别降低20%和40%.     

莱钢异型坯连铸机控制系统的研究与应用

介绍了莱钢异型坯连铸机的控制系统,并对一级、二级控制系统以及硬件、软件进行了较详细的论述。     

抗噬菌体嗜热链球菌突变菌株Streptococcus thermophilus-21UD的选育

以高密度噬菌体培养处理嗜热链球菌菌株,筛选出1株噬菌体抗性菌株S-18,但其产酸、产黏、产香能力不如原菌株。通过照射距离20cm,照射时间60s的紫外线诱变和DES振荡70min的复合诱变,得到SUD-21菌株,其产酸力较敏感菌株提高了0.5%,产黏性提高了0.8%,产乙醛能力提高了0.2%,产丁二酮能力提高了0.1%,且具有遗传稳定性和抗109pfu/mL噬菌体浓度的能力。      

Designs and Applications of Circularly Polarized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules

The design of fluorophores merging circularly polarized luminescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence properties has recently emerged as a promising direction for the development of efficient CP-Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (CP-OLEDs). This progress report gives an overview of the molecular designs explored to obtain CP-TADF properties, of their performances as chiral emitters in CP-OLEDs, and discusses future challenges for this burgeoning field of research.     

Oxidation in Air at 1400 K and Optical Properties of Inconel 625, FeCrAlloy and Kanthal Super ER

Oxidation of Metals - The materials used for the design of solar receivers are one of the critical parts of the concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. An increase in the working temperature of a...     

Structure and hardness of titanium surfaces carburized by pulsed laser melting with graphite addition

Titanium foils coated with graphite films 20 μm thick were irradiated by means of a pulsed Nd-YAG in order to harden this metal by surface melting and alloying. The relationships between irradiation parameters, microstructure and hardness of the synthesized composite coatings were determined. Four relevant parameters were defined as governing the irradiation processes. The parametric working field of the laser source was investigated next to its periphery. The influences of the relevant irradiation parameters on the microstructure and hardness of the melted zone were deduced from the metallographic analyses and Vickers micro-indentation tests of the cross sections of this composite zone. Such a zone was constituted always with hard titanium carbide and ductile metallic titanium, some times with the presence of lubricating graphite inclusions. The main advantage of such a surface treatment of titanium is to synthesize, under clearly defined irradiation conditions, a self-lubricating composite coating that resists abrasive or adhesive wear.     

Programming distributed and adaptable autonomous components—the GCM/ProActive framework

Component‐oriented software has become a useful tool to build larger and more complex systems by describing the application in terms of encapsulated, loosely coupled entities called components. At the same time, asynchronous programming patterns allow for the development of efficient distributed applications. While several component models and frameworks have been proposed, most of them tightly integrate the component model with the middleware they run upon. This intertwining is generally implicit and not discussed, leading to entangled, hard to maintain code. This article describes our efforts in the development of the GCM/ProActive framework for providing distributed and adaptable autonomous components. GCM/ProActive integrates a component model designed for execution on large‐scale environments, with a programming model based on active objects allowing a high degree of distribution and concurrency. This new integrated model provides a more powerful development, composition, and execution environment than other distributed component frameworks. We illustrate that GCM/ProActive is particularly adapted to the programming of autonomic component systems, and to the integration into a service‐oriented environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.