The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Outlier detection using default reasoning

Default logics are usually used to describe the regular behavior and normal properties of domain elements. In this paper we suggest, conversely, that the framework of default logics can be exploited for detecting outliers. Outliers are observations expressed by sets of literals that feature unexpected semantical characteristics. These sets of literals are selected among those explicitly embodied in the given knowledge base. Hence, essentially we perceive outlier detection as a knowledge discovery technique. This paper defines the notion of outlier in two related formalisms for specifying defaults: Reiter's default logic and extended disjunctive logic programs. For each of the two formalisms, we show that finding outliers is quite complex. Indeed, we prove that several versions of the outlier detection problem lie over the second level of the polynomial hierarchy. We believe that a thorough complexity analysis, as done here, is a useful preliminary step towards developing effective heuristics and exploring tractable subsets of outlier detection problems.     

Scheduling algorithms for fault-tolerance in hard-real-time systems

Many time-critical applications require predictable performance in the presence of failures. This paper considers a distributed system with independent periodic tasks which can checkpoint their state on some reliable medium in order to handle failures. The problem of preemptively scheduling a set of such tasks is discussed where every occurrence of a task has to be completely executed before the next occurrence of the same task can start. Efficient scheduling algorithms are proposed which yield sub-optimal schedules when there is provision for fault-tolerance. The performance of the solutions proposed is evaluated in terms of the number of processors and the cost of the checkpoints needed. Moreover, analytical studies are used to reveal interesting trade-offs associated with the scheduling algorithms.This work has been supported by grants from the Italian Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Progetto Finalizzato Sistemi Informatici e Calcolo Parallelo.     

Magnetic Properties of Thermal Sprayed Tungsten Carbide–Cobalt Coatings

In the information age, the storage and accessibility of data is of vital importance. There are several possibilities to fulfill this task. Magnetic storage of data is a well‐established method and the range of materials used is continuously extended. In this study, the magnetic remanence of thermally sprayed tungsten carbide–cobalt (WCCo)‐coatings in dependence of their thickness is examined. Two magnetic fields differing in value and geometry are imprinted into the coatings and the resulting remanence field is measured. It is found that there are two effects, which in combination determine the effective value of the magnetic remanence usable for magnetic data storage.

     

Intestinal gas dynamics and tolerance in humans

Carbohydrate-deficient-glycoprotein syndrome type 1 (CDG1; also known as "Jaeken syndrome") is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defective glycosylation. Most patients show a deficiency of phosphomannomutase (PMM), the enzyme that converts mannose 6-phosphate to mannose 1-phosphate in the synthesis of GDP-mannose. The disease is linked to chromosome 16p13, and mutations have recently been identified in the PMM2 gene in CDG1 patients with a PMM deficiency (CDG1A). The availability of the genomic sequences of PMM2 allowed us to screen for mutations in 56 CDG1 patients from different geographic origins. By SSCP analysis and by sequencing, we identified 23 different missense mutations and 1 single-base-pair deletion. In total, mutations were found on 99% of the disease chromosomes in CDG1A patients. The R141H substitution is present on 43 of the 112 disease alleles. However, this mutation was never observed in the homozygous state, suggesting that homozygosity for these alterations is incompatible with life. On the other hand, patients were found homozygous for the D65Y and F119L mutations, which must therefore be mild mutations. One particular genotype, R141H/D188G, which is prevalent in Belgium and the Netherlands, is associated with a severe phenotype and a high mortality. Apart from this, there is only a limited relation between the genotype and the clinical phenotype.     

Fluctuation of cardiotocographic tracings during labor in fetal growth retardation

The objective of our study was to analyse the fluctuation of cardiotocographic scores during labor in fetal growth retardation (FGR). The study took place at the University hospital "Principe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 170 at term FGR fetuses and 170 at term fetuses without FGR as control group were compared using modified Fischer scores, which were blindly performed at 3, 5 and 10 cm of cervical dilatation. As results we found out that the mean value of the Fischer score was significantly lower in FGR at 3 cm of cervical dilatation (8.1 +/- 1 vs 8.7 +/- 0.6), as well as at 5 cm (7.6 +/- 0.9 vs 8.1 +/- 0.7) and at 10 cm (6.7 +/- 0.8 vs 7.4 +/- 0.8). Poor prognosis cardiotocograms were also more common in FGR than in the control group in the three cut-offs points studied (7.5% vs 0.6% at 3 cm, 9.8 vs 1.8 at 5 cm and 37.9 vs 11.6 at complete cervical dilatation). The afore mentioned differences were more remarkable as labor advanced. Conclusions are that poor fetal heart rate recordings were detected in FGR at the beginning of labor when compared with control group fetuses and the differences between both groups increased while the labor prolonging.     

Digital Steiner sets and Matheron semi-groups

There are various ways to define digital convexity in Zⁿ$Z^n$. The proposed approach focuses on structuring elements (and not the sets under study), whose digital versions should allow to construct hierarchies of operators satisfying Matheron semi-groups law _γλγμ=_γmax(λ,_μ)${\gamma }_{\lambda }{\gamma }_{\mu }={\gamma }_{\max (\lambda \text{,}\mu )}$, where λ$\lambda$ is a size factor. In Rⁿ$R^n$ the convenient class is the Steiner one. Its elements are Minkowski sums of segments. We prove that it admits a digital equivalent when the segments of Zⁿ$Z^n$ are Bezout. The conditions under which the Steiner sets are convex in Zⁿ$Z^n$, and are connected, are established. The approach is then extended to structuring elements that vary according to the law of perspective, and also to anamorphoses, so that the digital Steiner class and its properties can extend to digital spaces as a sphere or a torus.     

Optimization–Simulation Model for Planning Supply Transport to Large Infrastructure Public Works Located in Congested Urban Areas

This article proposes an optimization–simulation model for planning the transport of supplies to large public infrastructure works located in congested urban areas. The purpose is to minimize their impact on the environment and on private transportation users on the local road network. To achieve this goal, the authors propose and solve an optimization problem for minimizing the total system cost made up of operating costs for various alternatives for taking supplies to the worksite and the costs supported by private vehicle users as a result of increased congestion due to the movement of heavy goods vehicles transporting material to the worksite. The proposed optimization problem is a bi-level Math Program model. The upper level defines the total cost of the system, which is minimized taking into account environmental constraints on atmospheric and noise pollution. The lower level defines the optimization problem representing the private transportation user behavior, assuming they choose the route that minimizes their total individual journey costs. Given the special characteristics of the problem, a heuristic algorithm is proposed for finding optimum solutions. Both the model developed and the specific solution algorithm are applied to the real case of building a new port at Laredo (Northern Spain). A series of interesting conclusions are obtained from the corresponding sensitivity analysis.     

Convertibility of Function Points into COSMIC Function Points: A study using Piecewise Linear Regression

Background

COSMIC Function Points and traditional Function Points (i.e., IFPUG Function Points and more recent variation of Function Points, such as NESMA and FISMA) are probably the best known and most widely used Functional Size Measurement methods. The relationship between the two kinds of Function Points still needs to be investigated. If traditional Function Points could be accurately converted into COSMIC Function Points and vice versa, then, by measuring one kind of Function Points, one would be able to obtain the other kind of Function Points, and one might measure one or the other kind interchangeably. Several studies have been performed to evaluate whether a correlation or a conversion function between the two measures exists. Specifically, it has been suggested that the relationship between traditional Function Points and COSMIC Function Points may not be linear, i.e., the value of COSMIC Function Points seems to increase more than proportionally to an increase of traditional Function Points.

Objective

This paper aims at verifying this hypothesis using available datasets that collect both FP and CFP size measures.

Method

Rigorous statistical analysis techniques are used, specifically Piecewise Linear Regression, whose applicability conditions are systematically checked. The Piecewise Linear Regression curve is a series of interconnected segments. In this paper, we focused on Piecewise Linear Regression curves composed of two segments. We also used Linear and Parabolic Regressions, to check if and to what extent Piecewise Linear Regression may provide an advantage over other regression techniques. We used two categories of regression techniques: Ordinary Least Squares regression is based on the usual minimization of the sum of squares of the residuals, or, equivalently, on the minimization of the average squared residual; Least Median of Squares regression is a robust regression technique that is based on the minimization of the median squared residual. Using a robust regression technique helps filter out the excessive influence of outliers.

Results

It appears that the analysis of the relationship between traditional Function Points and COSMIC Function Points based on the aforementioned data analysis techniques yields valid significant models. However, different results for the various available datasets are achieved. In practice, we obtained statistically valid linear, piecewise linear, and non-linear conversion formulas for several datasets. In general, none of these is better than the others in a statistically significant manner.

Conclusions

Practitioners interested in the conversion of FP measures into CFP (or vice versa) cannot just pick a conversion model and be sure that it will yield the best results. All the regression models we tested provide good results with some datasets. In practice, all the models described in the paper - in particular, both linear and non-linear ones - should be evaluated in order to identify the ones that are best suited for the specific dataset at hand.