Impurity Effect on Kramer-Pesch Core Shrinkage in <Emphasis Type="Italic">s</Emphasis>-Wave Vortex and Chiral <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-Wave Vortex

No Heading The low-temperature shrinking of the vortex core (Kramer-Pesch effect) is studied for an isolated single vortex for chiral p-wave and s-wave superconducting phases. The effect of nonmagnetic impurities on the vortex core radius is numerically investigated in the Born limit by means of a quasiclassical approach. It is shown that in the chiral p-wave phase the Kramer-Pesch effect displays a certain robustness against impurities owing to a specific quantum effect, while the s-wave phase reacts more sensitively to impurity scattering. This suggests chiral p-wave superconductors as promising candidates for the experimental observation of the Kramer-Pesch effect.PACS numbers: 74.25.Op, 74.20.Rp, 74.70.Pq     

Determination of the acoustic output of a harmonic scalpel

The acoustic output of a harmonic scalpel was experimentally determined, and both the airborne ultrasound and the ultrasound transmitted in water were taken into account. The sound pressure level of airborne ultrasound was measured with a microphone and an artificial head, so that the free-field value and the sound level at the entrance at the bottom of the cavum conchae of the ear could be determined. The derived output power in water was obtained from a hydrophone measurement. The results were strongly influenced by cavitation effects, and it is shown that the power values with and without cavitation differ by more than a factor of 5. The measurement of acoustic output parameters forms the basis for describing the performance of the devices and for an assessment of the risk of harmful bioeffects on both the operator and the patient.     

Semantics-aware detection of targeted attacks: a survey

In today’s interconnected digital world, targeted attacks have become a serious threat to conventional computer systems and critical infrastructure alike. Many researchers contribute to the fight against network intrusions or malicious software by proposing novel detection systems or analysis methods. However, few of these solutions have a particular focus on Advanced Persistent Threats or similarly sophisticated multi-stage attacks. This turns finding domain-appropriate methodologies or developing new approaches into a major research challenge. To overcome these obstacles, we present a structured review of semantics-aware works that have a high potential for contributing to the analysis or detection of targeted attacks. We introduce a detailed literature evaluation schema in addition to a highly granular model for article categorization. Out of 123 identified papers, 60 were found to be relevant in the context of this study. The selected articles are comprehensively reviewed and assessed in accordance to Kitchenham’s guidelines for systematic literature reviews. In conclusion, we combine new insights and the status quo of current research into the concept of an ideal systemic approach capable of semantically processing and evaluating information from different observation points.     

Phenomenological Theory of Pyroelectricity

In pyroelectric materials there is a spontaneous dielectric polarization.When raising the temperature,then a voltage appears in the system.In the present manusc...     

Jubilee Line Extension – N?T für die U-Bahn London

It was in the 1990s that London was again at the focus of worldwide attention for inner city tunnelling. After decades of advance planning for the Jubilee Line Extension (JLE), a tunnelling project of the superlative was nearing realization. In several technically demanding parts of London the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) was used. During those years numerous Austrian tunnel engineers, construction companies and specialist companies for various aspects of tunnel construction, such as, for example, tunnel surveying, set off for London in order to participate in realizing this major mass passenger transport project.     

A Bayesian space‐time approach to identifying and interpreting regional convergence clubs in Europe

This study suggests a two‐step approach to identifying and interpreting regional convergence clubs in Europe. The first step calculates Bayesian probabilities for various assignments of regions to two clubs using a general stochastic space‐time dynamic panel relationship between growth rates and initial levels of income as well as endowments of physical, knowledge and human capital. The second step uses the club assignments in a dynamic space‐time panel data model to assess long‐run dynamic direct and spillover responses of regional income levels to changes in initial period endowments for clubs that were identified. We find different dynamic partial derivative responses to endowments by regions in the two clubs that appear consistent with low‐ and high‐income regions as clubs.     

The structures of Ag55+ and Ag55- : trapped ion electron diffraction and density functional theory

We report the experimental structure determination of cold, mass selected Ag(55)(+/-) cluster ions using the recently developed technique of trapped ion electron diffraction. By comparison of experimental and theoretical molecular scattering functions and consideration of computed total energies, we show that Ag(55)(+) constitutes an ideal Mackay icosahedron, whereas Ag(55)(-) is a weakly Jahn-Teller distorted icosahedron. Isomers of other structural types, for example, decahedral or close-packed, could be ruled out. The candidate structures were obtained by density functional theory calculations.     

Multiplex-PCR-based recombination as a novel high-fidelity method for directed evolution

A new and convenient method for the in vitro recombination of single point mutations is presented. This method efficiently reduces the introduction of novel point mutations, which usually occur during recombination processes. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-PCR) generates gene fragments that contain preformed point mutations. These fragments are subsequently assembled into full-length genes by a recombination-PCR step. The process of multiplex-PCR-based recombination (MUPREC) does not require DNase I digestion for gene-fragmentation and is therefore easy to perform, even with small amounts of target DNA. The protocol yields high frequencies of recombination without creating a wild-type background. Furthermore, the low error rate results in high-quality variant libraries of true recombinants, thereby minimizing the screening efforts and saving time and money. The MUPREC method was used in the directed evolution of a Bacillus subtilis lipase that can catalyse the enantioselective hydrolysis of a model meso-compound. Thereby, the method was proved to be useful in producing a reliable second-generation library of true recombinants from which better performing variants were identified by using a high-throughput electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) screening system.