Optische Methoden zur Charakterisierung von hochpolymeren Fasern. 1. Methodik der Interferenzmikroskopie

Density and orientation describe, besides other characteristics, the structure of high polymers. They can be obtained as a function of the radius by measurement of the refraction index of the fibre. The influence of refraction of light on the obtained index of refraction n(r) is demonstrated by an optical model of the fibre. For fibres having a radius R < 30 μm and changes in the refraction index < 0.02 the influence of refraction is less than ± 0.0002 and therefore of no significance for most textile fibres. Important is the exact adaption of the refraction index of the embeding medium to the margin of the fibre. The computed index at the margin of the fibre takes always the refraction index of the embeding medium. An incorrect adaption can be traced up to 0.2·R into the fibre. A spline function used for the approximation of the relative displacement of interference fringes gives the opportunity to calculate extreme variations in refractive index, this is demonstrated using hollow fibres filled with paraffin-oil. Using a HeNe-laser interference-holographie became possible.     

An XPS investigation of polymer surface dynamics. I. A study of surface modified by CF4 and CF4/CH4 plasmas

For making the surface hydrophobic, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films were subjected to treatment by CF₄ and CF₄/CH₄ plasmas, and the PET fabrics, to impregnation (padding) with Oleophobol S for comparison. The electronic structure of the modified surface was differenentiated by XPS (ESCA). The surface dynamics upon heating and dipping into water was investigated by the angle-dependent XPS technique. Application of the XPS technique to these topics gave a wealth of information. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Modelling Interactions Between Lot-Scale Decentralised Water Infrastructure and Urban Form – a Case Study on Infiltration Systems

Modelling the design and implementation of urban water infrastructure (particularly decentralised systems) for strategic planning and policymaking requires detailed information of the spatial environment and quantitative knowledge of social preferences. Currently available models, however, mostly use land use, population and impervious cover data without much regard for detailed urban form or society. This study develops an algorithm for determining urban form from minimal spatial data input by incorporating local planning regulations. The interaction between urban form and implementation of lot-scale infiltration systems under different social, biophysical and climate constraints is then investigated, firstly by looking at how this varies in different residential land uses and subsequently in a case study of a typical Melbourne residential subdivision of mixed land uses. Feasibility of infiltration and its downstream impact (runoff volume, frequency and pollution) were assessed for a range of social preferences (quantified as allowable garden space) and climate scenarios (30 % increase/decrease in rainfall and evapotranspiration). Performance indicators were determined through long-term simulation with the MUSIC software. Results show how different biophysical, planning, social and climate conditions affect infiltration feasibility as well as system performance. High infiltrating soils, for example, allow smaller, well-performing and socially less-imposing systems. Low infiltrating soils lead to larger system sizes, occupy much of the allotment’s garden space, but nevertheless provide the benefit of runoff frequency reduction. Overall, climate impact was not significant except for areas with poorly infiltrating soils. Joint consideration of social, planning, climate and water management aspects potentially allows more efficient policymaking, as an array of system configurations can be tested against different multi-faceted scenarios. Such models can help facilitate better participatory planning and policymaking.