Improved shape evolution of copper interconnects prepared by jet-stream etching

In the preparation of copper interconnects in the conductor pattern of a printed circuit board (PCB), wet etching processes are commonly adopted for creating patterns of high-density interconnects. Currently available techniques of immersion and spray etching could lead to poorly shaped wires due to complex flow fields or the disturbing puddling effect. A modified technique of arrayed jet-stream etching was developed in this work, aiming at producing well-defined copper interconnects on a PCB in a significantly shorter time. The results were appealing in that copper interconnects of 35/140 μm (thickness/width) exhibiting etching factors of greater than 6 were obtained in 20 s, much better than the conventional ones with etching factors of 3 to 5 and etching times of at least 2 min. In addition, uniformly etched copper interconnects with less than 20 μm undercuts were observed on one etching line. One additional point to note is that no banking agents or inhibitors as commonly seen in conventional etching techniques were needed in this new processing method.     

Application of Mono‐ and Disaccharides in Drug Targeting and Efficacy

Carbohydrates and their conjugates play important roles in many biological processes including fertilization, differentiation, development, immune response, and infection. Their activities are largely dependent on the properties of terminal mono‐ or disaccharides. Galactose, mannose, fucose, glucose, sialic acid, etc., are commonly used as powerful scaffolds installed on drug molecules for targeting specific tissues including brain, liver, and cancers, and as epitopes for enhancing the targeting of various vaccines. This review focuses on the influence of their structural variations, including changes in sugar type, substituent groups and their positions, as well as length of linker portion, on the targeting of drugs or their efficacy. Particular attention is paid to the targeting properties of mono‐ and disaccharides applied in drug design and discovery.     

北缘蔗区甘蔗专用留种田栽培技术研究(续完)──Ⅲ.蔗种茎粗对大田生产的影响的研究

本研究以湘北蔗区常规甘蔗品种NCo310为材料,在1998年进行甘蔗蔗种茎粗对大田生产的影响试验,观察了甘蔗的出苗率、有效茎数、株高、茎粗、单茎重、产量等农艺性状,结果表明蔗种茎粗对大田生产有显著影响,当蔗种茎粗小于1．7cm时,甘蔗大田生产产量显著减少,本研究表明甘蔗中小茎品种如NCo310等只有当播种行距在0．5。～0．6m时,才能获得较多茎粗大于1．7cm的甘蔗种芽．通过1996～1998年三年研究表明,在北缘蔗区建立甘蔗专用留种田栽培制度是切实可行的,但要适当的控制行距和密度．采用甘蔗专用留种田栽培技术,可以明显地提高北缘蔗区的甘蔗生产水平。     

高温流化α-化工艺对酿造黄酒风味的影响

以传统蒸饭黄酒为参照,分析了高温流化α-化工艺对酿造黄酒风味的影响。结果表明:高温流化α-化米黄酒和蒸饭黄酒的酒精度、糖分、酸度和挥发酯含量基本相同,但氨基酸含量降低。呈味物质中,甜味、鲜味、涩味氨基酸含量相差不大,但苦味氨基酸含量明显低于蒸饭黄酒,有机酸含量则高于蒸饭黄酒;主要呈香物质中,酯类物质的种类增多,含量也高于蒸饭黄酒,以丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇为代表的高级醇含量明显高于蒸饭黄酒,含氮杂环类香味化合物无论从种类上还是从含量上都明显高于蒸饭黄酒,赋予黄酒特殊的香味。由于2种黄酒的酿造工艺相同,说明大米高温流化α-化工艺是影响酿造黄酒风味的主要因素。     

柴油机连杆大头轴瓦磨损故障温度监测部位优化仿真研究

基于无源无线温度测量的监测方法,针对连杆大头轴瓦磨损故障温度监测部位的优化问题,建立了连杆大头轴瓦弹流润滑仿真模型,探究不同磨损程度下轴瓦接触力的变化规律和温度显著变化区域的分布情况.仿真计算结果给出了温度监测的理论优化部位,并与工程案例的实际情况相比较,结果一致.研究成果可为基于温度测量的连杆大头轴瓦磨损故障监测与诊...     

海藻酸钙固定化β-半乳糖苷酶催化合成低聚半乳糖

研究了强化海藻酸钙固定化β-半乳糖苷酶的方法以及固定化酶的性质,并用于制备低聚半乳糖。研究表明,用海藻酸钙包埋、戊二醛进行交联、对β-半乳糖苷酶进行固定,方法简便、酶的活力回收率高。所得固定化酶强度和活力高,对热、pH值耐受范围较游离酶宽,最佳反应温度和pH与游离酶相同,且贮存稳定性好。以乳糖为原料,用海藻酸钙固定化β-半乳糖苷酶催化合成低聚半乳糖,随着时间的延长,低聚半乳糖合成率呈抛物线变化。在温度55℃、pH6.0、乳糖浓度40%、反应时间为30h时,低聚半乳糖的合成率达最大值36.37%。     

纳米SiO_x对壳聚糖膜CO_2透气性的影响

制备了不同纳米SiOx添加量的纳米SiOx/壳聚糖复合膜,研究纳米SiOx对复合膜CO2透气性能的影响,并且以"米良1号"猕猴桃为试材,在室温20～22℃,相对湿度63%～70%条件下,研究纳米SiOx添加量对猕猴桃呼吸作用以及对还原糖和总酸含量的影响。结果表明:纳米SiOx添加量为0.03 g/100 mL时,膜的CO2透过系数比对照降低了67.30%,猕猴桃呼吸高峰出现在第13天,比对照延迟了7天,并可有效地保持还原糖和总酸含量,说明该处理对猕猴桃的成熟衰老有明显的抑制作用。     

Purification,characterization, and gene cloning of a new cold-adapted β-galactosidase from Erwinia sp. E602 isolated in northeast China

β-Galactosidases are widely used in industry for elimination of lactose from milk products. A new β-galactosidase was obtained from bacterial strain Erwinia sp. E602, newly isolated in northeast China. The enzyme was purified with the methods of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography for further study of the enzymatic characteristics. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of near 110 kDa. The optimum reaction temperature and pH of this enzyme was determined to be 40°C and 7.0, respectively, indicating that this enzyme was a mesophilic neutral β-galactosidase. Furthermore, the enzyme retained near 10% of the activity at 0°C, which also suggested its cold-adapted property. Kinetics of the β-galactosidase was studied, and the K_m (Michaelis constant) and V_max (maximum enzymatic reaction rate) of this enzyme were 0.21 mmol/L and 263.16 µmol/mg per minute, respectively. The effects of metal ions on the enzymatic activity and the lactose hydrolysis efficiency in milk, as well as its trans-glycosylation activity, were studied in this work. The β-galactosidase coding gene was cloned to be a 3-kb length fragment, which shared at most 81% of identity with the published sequences in NCBI Blast database (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Results in this work suggested it is a new β-galactosidase and it has potential to be used in dairy and food processing.     

β-氨基丁酸处理对火龙果采后病害及贮藏品质的影响

以南湖菱为试验材料,研究护色液处理结合不同温度处理对南湖菱鲜食品质的影响。研究结果显示,护色液处理可以使南湖菱亮度增加19.37%,绿色增加28.23%,增加南湖菱的感官品质和商品价值;与常温(25℃)相比,0℃以及4℃贮藏保鲜可有效减少南湖菱果肉水分散失、降低黄化率、抑制可滴定酸、可溶性糖等营养物质的分解;显著降低多酚氧化酶的活性,减少南湖菱表面褐变的发生,较好的维持南湖菱营养品质和商品价值,其中0℃保鲜效果最佳,与对照组相比,鲜食期延长至少2 d。     

In vitro inhibition of postharvest pathogens of fruit and control of gray mold of strawberry and green mold of citrus by aureobasidin A

Aureobasidin A (AbA), an antifungal cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic produced by Aureobasidium pullulans R106, has previously been shown to be effective against a wide range of fungi and protozoa. Here we report the inhibitory effects of AbA on spore germination, germ tuber elongation and hyphal growth of five pathogenic fungi including Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, P. expansum, Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola, which are major pathogens causing postharvest diseases of a variety of fruits. AbA inhibited five pathogenic fungi by reducing conidial germination rates, delaying conidial germination initiation, restricting elongation of germ tuber and mycelium, as well as inducing abnormal alternations of morphology of germ tubes and hyphae of these fungi. The sensitivity of these fungi to AbA was pathogen species-dependent. P. digitatum was the most sensitive and M. fructicola the least. Importantly, AbA at 50 microg/ml was effective in controlling the citrus green mold and in reducing the strawberry gray mold incidence and severity, caused by P. digitatum and B. cinerea, respectively, after artificial inoculation. AbA and/or its analogs, therefore, hold promise as relatively safe and promising fungicide candidates to control postharvest decays of fruits, because AbA targets the inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase, an enzyme essential for fungi but absent from mammals.