Assessment by Microscopy of the Coverage of Sludge Flocs by a Nano‐scale Surface Layer

Flocs are irregularly shaped suspended particles of complex structure and composition that occur naturally in aquatic systems. In water treatment facilities, the settling of flocs is extremely important. Transmission electron microscopy was used to quantify the formation of a nano‐scale surface layer on flocs from two laboratory bioreactors modelling a biological wastewater treatment facility. By comparing different floc populations, we demonstrated that flocs that settled quickly out of wastewater had a significant amount of this layer, whereas those with little nano‐scale surface layer had poor settling properties. This morphological feature of floc ultrastructure may permit engineering manipulations that promote floc settling.     

Adapting instruction to the cognitive demands of learning to program.

This study investigated how instructional practices influence what students learn in Pascal programming classes. The study contrasted 8 introductory and 8 Advanced Placement (AP) level courses because goals of teachers, classroom activities, and assigned tasks differ. Introductory students primarily learn syntax and AP students learn to plan and debug complex problems. These differing cognitive demands would seem to require different instructional practices. In order to establish instructional practices, students reported teaching strategies, course structure, and classroom resources. To demonstrate programming proficiency, students modified and analyzed a computer program. Programming proficiency varied as a function of instructional practices and class level. Introductory students benefited from direct instruction, and AP students performed better with less direct guidance and more opportunities for autonomy. Characteristics of effective programming instruction vary depending on the cognitive demands of courses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of The legacy of the Holocaust: Psychohistorical themes in the second generation.

Reviews the book, The legacy of the Holocaust: Psychohistorical themes in the second generation by Robert M. Prince (see record 2000-08422-000). The concept that the Holocaust is a unique event in human history has been seriously debated. Is the Holocaust comparable to savage massacres of other groups at other times in civilization? Or is it an event that, because of its enormity, transcends all other barbarities in modern history? If it is unique, then this uniqueness must attach itself to the identity of the children of the survivors of the Holocaust. Prince addresses this issue of identity in this book. Prince identifies three significant sources of influence in the lives of these children: the parents' character style and their relationship with their children, the active participation of the children in imagery from their parents' past, and the cultural context in which the children have been raised. How these influences interweave and transform each other is a major focus of the study. The second focus is the relationship between the children of Holocaust survivors "and the events of history, involving observation of their adaptation to history and anticipation of their effect on it" (p. 15). Prince has undertaken an ambitious project. He has attempted to apply a psychoanalytically-informed methodology to the study of the Holocaust. He offers a scientific approach to the study of the transmission of trauma from one generation to the next. The work raises issues and questions that, it is hoped, will motivate others to continue the inquiry. The book strives to find meaning in response to the unimaginable and the unthinkable acts of mankind. It merits a place in the library of anyone concerned with the Holocaust or interested in psychohistorical explorations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Dimethylzinc to Acyl‐N‐methylimidazole Michael Acceptors: Scope,Limitations and Iterative Reactions

An efficient copper‐catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of dimethylzinc to unsaturated 2‐acyl‐N‐methylimidazoles has been achieved using a chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl‐NHC ligand. The reactions proceed with excellent regioselectivity (1,4 vs. 1,6 and 1,8) in extended conjugated systems to afford the 1,4‐adducts in high enantioselectivities. This regioselectivity could be ascertained by DFT studies highlighting the crucial role of the imidazole ring. Thanks to the development of efficient protocols to regenerate the unsaturated 2‐acyl‐N‐methylimidazole moiety, an iterative process has been developed ultimately leading to 3,5,7 all‐syn or anti‐anti polydeoxypropionate stereodiads.

     

Historical and developmental roots of female dependency.

Analyzes the nexus of female care and dependency from the theoretical perspective developed by K. Horney between 1937 and 1980. It is asserted that the caring and nurturing characteristics often associated with female personality are frequently compounded with dependency and repressed anger. Based on Horney's theory, these traits are linked to a developmental response to historically rooted family relations in which females are devalued and expected to care for others, leading to a conflict between compliant nurturance and underlying self-hatred and rage. It is argued that to create a new ethos of care that is universal and free of female dependency requires at least 3 fundamental changes, including (a) expanding the realm of giving and receiving beyond the private realm of families, (b) actively challenging the assumption of male entitlement to unconditional and unilateral nurturance from females, and (c) working through and overcoming the consequences of the nurturing imperative in women's lives. It is concluded that, to learn to give themselves, women must risk being considered selfish by others and their own inner, critical voices and work through the fear and rage to the felt discovery that they themselves are worth caring for. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empiricially, "all must have prizes."

This meta-analysis tested the Dodo bird conjecture, which states that when psychotherapies intended to be therapeutic are compared, the true differences among all such treatments are 0. Based on comparisons between treatments culled from 6 journals, it was found that the effect sizes were homogeneously distributed about 0, as was expected under the Dodo bird conjecture, and that under the most liberal assumptions, the upper bound of the true effect was about .20. Moreover, the effect sizes (a) were not related positively to publication date, indicating that improving research methods were not detecting effects, and (b) were not related to the similarity of the treatments, indicating that more dissimilar treatments did not produce larger effects, as would be expected if the Dodo bird conjecture was false. The evidence from these analyses supports the conjecture that the efficacy of bona fide treatments are roughly equivalent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Student and faculty perceptions of counseling centers: What's in a name?

Surveyed 296 university students and 115 faculty members by telephone and asked them to rank order 4 counseling center titles in terms of the likelihood that they would utilize services offered by the centers. The titles were Psychological and Career Exploration Service; Personal and Career Counseling Service; Psychological and Career Counseling Service; and Counseling, Career, and Consultation Service. Ss were also asked to indicate whether they had ever used or referred students to the university counseling service and how important the title of the agency was to them in deciding to use its services. Results indicate that the counseling center title was important to students and faculty in determining their use of a counseling center; both groups preferred the 1st title. The discussion focuses on the extent to which the present findings are consistent with and broaden understanding of help-seeking behavior and on implications for representing counseling center services. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A target fish community to guide river restoration

A method is proposed and demonstrated to specify a fish community to serve as a target for planning river restoration projects and as an endpoint for evaluating programme progress. Our target fish community is appropriate for small rivers in southern New England with basins characterized by dispersed human activities. Our study was part of a multi‐agency improvement effort of the Quinebaug River in southern Massachusetts and northeast Connecticut, USA. We identify fish species expected to be found in streams, lakes and river reaches of the Quinebaug River basin. An expected rank order of abundance was computed using fish surveys from rivers identified by restoration programme managers as being in a desirable condition for a human‐dominated landscape. The rank order of species was converted to expected community proportions following a theoretical log–log relation between species abundances and occurrences in complex communities. Criteria from a committee of agency and water use representatives were influential in specifying a target community; so the overall method blends policy, objective zoogeography analyses and theory‐based parameters of community structure. We believe the use of a target community can be an important element in the design and evaluation of river restoration where the aim cannot be to copy pristine, natural ecosystem properties. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects from log-yard stormwater runoff on the microalgae Scenedesmus subspicatus: intra-storm magnitude and variability

This paper describes the effects posed by stormwater runoff from an industrial log-yard on the microalgae Scenedesmus subspicatus. The effects of stormwater runoff sampled during two rain events were determined by exposing S. subspicatus cells to different concentrations (% v:v) of each sample. The effects were measured as the percentage change in growth rates in relation to a control culture after exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The runoff from the first rain event had no negative effects to S. subspicatus, posing in most cases growth stimulation, whereas the runoff from the second rain event inhibited algae growth. Differences in runoff physico-chemical characteristics combined with the hydrological factors of each rain event explained these opposite effects. The hypothesis of toxic first flush phenomenon was confirmed in the second rain event on the basis of normalized inhibitory effects and runoff volume. It was found that 42, 51 and 50% of the inhibitory effects during exposures of 24, 48 and 72 h were associated with the initial 4% of the total discharged volume. The fact that negative effects were observed in the two runoff events analyzed, raises concern about the potential environmental threats posed by runoff originated from wood-based industrial areas during the entire hydrological year.