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71.
Two methods of solving the transient inverse heat conduction problens in complex shaped elements are presented in this paper. The time-space temperature distribution in whole element cross-section is reconstructed using the measured temperature histories at several points placed inside the element or on its easily accessible outer surface. Thermal stresses are then evaluated involving Finite Element Analysis. In both methods the heat transfer coefficient at the element inner surface is the unknown value. Four examples are presented, two for one method showing the high accuracy of the presented methods and possibility of their practical application.  相似文献   
72.
Despite many years of using friction stir processing (FSP), there are many unexplained aspects concerning the processes which appear during FSP: determining the direction of flow and mixing of the materials and the degree of mixing and microstructure fragmentation in specific areas. This paper presents the impact of FSP on the micro- and macrostructure of the composite with hypo-eutectic Si matrix reinforced by SiC particles. The analysis of the structure of the processed area in FSP in the relation to the microstructure of the base material has been made using x-ray microtomography. The results of these studies have been juxtaposed with studies using microscopic methods (light microscopy and SEM). The microtomography images revealed an additional separation on the advancing side and the weld nugget, where on the basis of a 3D reconstruction a layer microstructure on the direction of linear movement of the tool has been demonstrated. The analyses have revealed a limited flow of the material above the weld nugget. The main advantages of the research method applied were the possibility to show the invisible or barely visible elements of the microstructure using standard test methods and the ability to analyze the microstructure changes uninterruptedly in different directions in the volume of the material.  相似文献   
73.
The temperature dependencies of the resistivity for the superconducting ruthenocuprates of nominal compositions RuSr2GdCu2O8, Ru0.98Sr2GdCu2O8 and Ru0.5Sr2GdCu2.5O8?δ were examined for the magnetic field dependent characteristics of the superconducting transitions. The effect of the insignificant diminishing of the Ru/Cu ratio in parent RuSr2GdCu2O8 was confirmed as relevant for the stabilisation of the superconducting phase. Noted differences in the compared characteristics are interpreted for possible inhomogeneous nucleation of the superconducting phase in the parent ruthenocuprate. The phase anisotropy in RuSr2GdCu2O8 and Ru0.98Sr2GdCu2O8, in presence of the compounds Ru magnetism, appears to be a cause of a significant softening of the H c2(T) phase line. An anomalous lowering of the magnetoresistivity was observed in the approx. 10 K range above the onset of the superconducting transition, which may suggest the presence of enhanced superconducting fluctuations in the samples. The positive magnetic field shift of the temperatures, which limit the magnetoresistivity and the specific heat signatures of the magnetic ordered state of the Ru sublattice, suggests probing the influence of the ferromagnetic Ru interactions in an effective metallic-like conduction channel present in the samples. Superconducting characteristics of the Ru0.5Sr2GdCu2.5O8?δ reveal a significant contribution of the Gd paramagnetic signal at low temperatures, interpreted for the presence of a significant anisotropy of the superconducting phase. It is concluded that the Ru–Cu substituted phases of ruthenocuprates may present an opportunity to investigate the effectively anisotropic superconducting phase despite its comparatively high T c in the compounds related to the 123-type cuprate superconductor.  相似文献   
74.
This paper reports on green chemical functionalization of hydrogen-terminated boron-doped diamond (BDD) surfaces with aryldiazonium salts in the presence of ionic liquids. The reaction takes place at room temperature in air without any external bias in either hydrophobic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) or hydrophilic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate) ionic liquids. The resulting surfaces were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements.  相似文献   
75.
Biodegradable polyurethane elastomers (BioEPUR) are becoming increasingly important as biomaterials because they have excellent chemical, physico-mechanical and biological properties. This review presents the recent developments on BioEPUR and their potential applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The aim of this work is to present an overview of the various methods of synthesis and properties of biomedical BioEPUR. Polyurethanes-based aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates and polyesters, poly(ester-carbonate)s or copolymers of heterocyclic monomers were discussed.  相似文献   
76.
This paper presents a validation of the thermo-radiative model SOLENE and its application for analysing the street canyon energy balance. The validation data were selected from the temperature and radiation measurements obtained during the JAPEX campaign, previously described by Idczak et al. [16]: a set of four lines of steel containers buildings composing three parallel street canyons at an approximate 1:5 scale. Reference weather data and micrometeorological conditions within the canyon were measured. Numerical simulations were carried out using the meteorological measurements as model inputs. The simulated surface temperatures and radiation fluxes are compared with the measurements for a full week period, with a focus on a day with clear sky conditions. The street canyon energy balance analysis demonstrates that the most energetic surface was the street ground due to its thick surface layer of tar-coated gravels while the walls had a low heat capacity. The thermal radiation balance was negative for all canyon surfaces. The sensible heat was transferred mainly from the canyon surfaces to the ambient air, but also from the air to the ground in the morning. The effective albedo of the canyon had a diurnal value of 0.20–0.25, but dropped to 0.10 in the afternoon when the ground strongly transformed the direct and reflected solar radiation into sensible heat. This narrow street configuration enhanced solar radiation absorption and longwave radiation trapping.  相似文献   
77.
Electropolishing and passivation of NiTi shape memory alloy   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Electropolishing of NiTi alloy has been investigated. The influence of polishing bath composition and the operating conditions instead of the conditions of the process on the quality of the surface, evaluated by AFM and SEM methods, was established. Morphologically uniform surfaces were obtained only in the case of solutions containing hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids. Electropolished samples were sterilized and thermally passivated, then their corrosion resistance was measured in Tyrode's physiological solution. It was established that already after the electropolishing the corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy increases due to the spontaneously formed TiO2 layer. The increase of the thickness of the layer during sterilization and thermal passivation causes further increase in the corrosion resistance.  相似文献   
78.
The phase transition observed by various methods in poly(vinyl methyl ether)/water systems at around 18 °C has been assigned by some investigators to the pre-melting of water and by others to a glass transition of the polymer. In this study, broadband dielectric spectroscopy and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry were used to identify this transition in radiationally crosslinked poly(vinyl methyl ether) hydrogels, as well as to analyse sub-zero relaxation processes in such a three-phase (polymer/ice/liquid water) system. The process at 18 °C was related to the pre-melting of water induced by the segmental motions of the polymer; however, it was seen to be one transition due to the cooperative motions of both compounds. The atypical (two regimes) temperature dependence of the segmental motion process was observed and was related to confinement of the polymer chains between ice clusters below approximately ?24 °C; furthermore, the main dielectric process of hexagonal ice was identified and a Maxwell-Wagner effect was observed.  相似文献   
79.
In this paper the numerical implementation of two-scale modelling of bone microstructure is presented. The study is a part of long-term project on bone remodelling which drives bone microstructure change based directly on trabeculae surface energy. The proposed approach is based on a first-order computational homogenization technique. The coincidence of macro- and micro-model kinematics is done with the use of uniform displacement and traction boundary conditions. The computational homogenization procedure is driven by a self-prepared manager which is coded in Python. The computation on real bone structure (a piece of female Wistar rat bone) is performed as well.  相似文献   
80.
Use of the higher spectra in the low-amplitude fatigue testing   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Particular place among the methods of vibroacoustic diagnostics is occupied by the problems of early defect detection. Let us note that the process of defect formation may lead to both. The intensification of non-linear phenomena as well as the occurrence of non-stationary effects even if during the early stages the intensity of defects is small while the growth of the level of vibration and noise is negligible, as contrasted with emergency states. A useful method is to test the higher order spectra, which, respectively, define the non-linear effects. A test bed for low-amplitude tests (106-107 cycles) of fatigue processes was built. The authors built a small-dimension test bed for diagnosing the low-amplitude fatigue processes. Small dimensions result from the proposal of mounting the test bed on shaker. The dimensions of test bed are 0.2×0.2×0.2 m and its weight does not exceed 2 kg, with a titan head mounted directly on the piezoelectric generator. The main goal of these investigations is to examine the low-amplitude fatigue strength of a model of the cantilever supported section of a shaft and impact of dynamic stress, which is especially important in the case of high frequency loading which is predominant in mounting elements of rotating machinery.  相似文献   
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