Kundenkarten und Rabattsysteme

Zusammenfassung  Der Wandel der Gesellschaft im Umgang mit personenbezogenen Daten sowie die stete Entwicklung technischer M?glichkeiten in der Datenverarbeitung haben l?ngst dazu beigetragen, dass Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher im Wege der Erstellung umfassender Konsumentenprofile immer st?rker in die Rolle gl?serner Kunden gedr?ngt werden. Daten sammelnde Unternehmen stellen insoweit eine Gefahr für das Recht der Einzelnen auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund befasst sich der Beitrag mit den datenschutzrechtlichen Anforderungen an Kundenbindungsprogramme und zeigt, wie sie datenschutzgerecht und verbraucherfreundlich gestaltet werden k?nnen.     

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

140 adults (aged 19–77 yrs) were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 661 persons with spinal cord injury. They completed a questionnaire assessing amount of social support, degree of reciprocity with supporters, and satisfaction with relationships with supporters; the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; a self-report version of the Functional Independence Measure; and the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique. A physician assessed the degree of paralytic impairment by means of the ASIA Total Motor Index Score. Relationships in which the supporter gave more than the participant were associated with more satisfaction with the relationship and more social support. The number of reciprocal relationships was positively associated with more desirable outcomes in the handicap dimensions of mobility, occupation, social integration, and economic self-sufficiency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Detection of serum antibody responses in cattle with natural or experimental Neospora infections

Parasite-specific antibody responses were detected using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test in cattle that were naturally or experimentally infected with Neospora parasites. The test was developed using Neospora tachyzoites isolated from an aborted bovine fetus and grown in bovine cell cultures (isolate BPA1). In all cases, infections were confirmed by the identification of Neospora tachyzoites and/or bradyzoite cysts in fetal or calf tissues using an immunoperoxidase test procedure. Fifty-five naturally infected cows that aborted Neospora-infected fetuses had titers of 320-5,120 at the time of abortion. The titer of 6 cows that were serologically monitored over a prolonged period decreased to 160-640 within 150 days after they aborted infected fetuses. Two of the cows showed an increase in their Neospora titers during their subsequent pregnancy, and they gave birth to congenitally infected calves that had precolostral titers of 10,240-20,480. Postcolostral titers of these calves and of 4 other calves with congenital Neospora infections were all > or = 5,120, whereas calves with no detectable parasites had titers < or = 160. Two pregnant heifers that were experimentally infected with the BPA1 isolate at approximately 120 days gestation seroconverted to Neospora antigens within 9 days and developed peak titers of 5,120 and 20,480 within 32 days of infection. The fetus taken by caesarean section 32 days postinfection from 1 heifer and the full-term calf born to the other had Neospora titers of 640 and 10,240, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Optimal block-type-decodable encoders for constrained systems

A constrained system is presented by a finite-state labeled graph. For such systems, we focus on block-type-decodable encoders, comprising three classes known as block, block-decodable, and deterministic encoders. Franaszek (1968) gives a sufficient condition which guarantees the equality of the optimal rates of block-decodable and deterministic encoders for the same block length. We introduce another sufficient condition, called the straight-line condition, which yields the same result. Run-length limited RLL(d,k) and maximum transition run MTR(j,k) constraints are shown to satisfy both conditions. In general, block-type-decodable encoders are constructed by choosing a subset of states of the graph to be used as encoder states. Such a subset is known as a set of principal states. For each type of encoder and each block length, a natural problem is to find a set of principal states which maximizes the code rate. We show how to compute the asymptotically optimal sets of principal states for deterministic encoders and how they are related to the case of large but finite block lengths. We give optimal sets of principal states for MTR(j,k)-block-type-decodable encoders for all codeword lengths. Finally we compare the code rate of nonreturn to zero inverted (NRZI) encoders to that of corresponding nonreturn to zero (NRZ) and signed NRZI encoders.     

Nitrogen plasma source ion implantation of AISI S1 tool steel

Significant economic savings can be achieved by improving the wear lifetime of precision manufacturing tools through nitrogen-ion implantation. This near-ambient temperature, surface modification process preserves dimensional integrity and surface finish while eliminating delamination problems that are often associated with overlay coatings. Conventional ion implantation is a line-of-sight process which requires elaborate manipulation and masking to uniformly implant components of complex shapes. A recently developed process, plasma source ion implantation (PSII), circumvents this line-of-sight restriction and makes ion implantation more attractive economically. In this article, the effects of PSII of nitrogen at a target bias of 50 kV, to a dose of 0.3 × 10¹⁸ atoms/cm² on the surface microstructure and mechanicalproperties of AISI S1 tool steel are presented.     

Influence of an external electric field on the microstructure of superplastically deformed 7475 Al

An externally applied electric field retarded strain-enhanced grain growth and promoted dynamic recrystallization during superplastic deformation of 7475 Al. Also, a more extensive dispersoid-free zone was observed in specimens deformed in the electric field, suggesting that the electric field increased the contribution of diffusion creep to superplastic deformation. The electric field promoted the coarsening of dispersoids, especially in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Possible mechanisms for the observed effects are discussed.     

Restricted overlapping balancing domain decomposition methods and restricted coarse problems for the Helmholtz problem

Overlapping balancing domain decomposition methods and their combination with restricted additive Schwarz methods are proposed for the Helmholtz equation. These new methods also extend previous work on non-overlapping balancing domain decomposition methods toward simplifying their coarse problems and local solvers. They also extend restricted Schwarz methods, originally designed to overlapping domain decomposition and Dirichlet local solvers, to the case of non-overlapping domain decomposition and/or Neumann and Sommerfeld local solvers. Finally, we introduce coarse spaces based on partitions of unity and planes waves, and show how oblique projection coarse problems can be designed from restricted additive Schwarz methods. Numerical tests are presented.