Die organophile Nanofiltration als neue Grundoperation der Fluidverfahrenstechnik

Organic Solvent Nanofiltration is a relatively new unit operation in fluid processing. It addresses a multitude of applications in all sectors of the chemical industry. The benefit for the customer can be a different one depending on the application, therefore, multiple process examples are discussed. Within these, organic solvent nanofiltration can be applied either as a standalone separation process or as a hybrid process in combination with other thermal separation methods.     

Butanol production in a sugarcane biorefinery using ethanol as feedstock. Part II: Integration to a second generation sugarcane distillery

Production of second generation ethanol and other added value chemicals from sugarcane bagasse and straw integrated to first generation sugarcane biorefineries presents large potential for industrial implementation, since part of the infrastructure where first generation ethanol is produced may be shared between both plants. In this context, butanol from renewable resources has attracted increasing interest, mostly for its use as a drop in liquid biofuel for transportation, since its energy density is greater than that of ethanol, but also for its use as feedstock in the chemical industry. In this paper, vapor-phase catalytic production of butanol from first and second generation ethanol in a sugarcane biorefinery was assessed, using data available from the literature. The objective is to evaluate the potential of butanol either as fuel or feedstock for industry, taking into account economical/environmental issues through computer simulation. The results obtained show that, although promising, butanol sold as chemical has a limited market and as fuel presents economic constraints. In addition, investments on the butanol conversion plant could be an obstacle to its practical implementation. Nevertheless, environmental assessment pointed out advantages of its use as fuel for road transportation, if compared with gasoline in terms of global environmental impacts such as global warming.     

第8届国际景观双年展

第1届欧洲风景园林双年展始于1999年,这在当时属于首创,同时奠定了我国与欧洲互相交流风景园林理念的热情与决心。从那时以后,这一事件成为了风景园林师、风景园林系学生的交集点,以及宣传欧洲风景园林行业重要性的工具。显然,若非以下各组织单位的支持与合作,双年展将不可能得到巩固与发展：     

Nostoc Linckia as Biosorbent of Chromium and Nickel from Electroplating Industry Wastewaters

The present study relates to the use of cyanobaeterium Nostoc linkia for removal of chromium and nickel from wastewater of galvanic industry. To determine concentrations of Cr and Ni in wastewater samples atomic absorption spectrometry was used. The samples of dried nostoc biomass after exposure to wastewater were subject to nondestructive instrumental neutron activation analysis. During 30 rain of the contact ofbiomass with wastewater 84% of chromium was removed from the wastewaters. Beside chromium after 30 rain nostoc biomass accumulates the amount of iron and zinc that exceeds their concentrations in the control biomass samples by a factor of 6 and 8, respectively. Nickel content in biomass after interaction with Cr-containing wastewater increases sixty fold and copper-sixteen fold. During the same time of biomass-Ni-containing wastewater interaction, 50% of nickel were accumulated. The method of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to identify functional groups responsible for metal binding.     

Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius: contacts prior to the Second World War

Le Corbusier left neither memoirs nor a life history written with his own pen. Nonetheless, he did leave hundreds of boxes filled with diaries, letters, notes, drawings with comments attached, designs and sketches – a wealth of documentary evidence upon which future historians might reconstruct his biography. When Le Corbusier decided that he was destined to become a great architect and appointed to bring a new architecture into the world, with full deliberation, he therefore meticulously kept every shred of documentation of his life, as had Stendhal and Thomas Mann before him. Most of this vast body of information is stored at the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris. The author of this article had the opportunity to examine this material in depth, as well as the sources found at the Bauhaus-Archiv in Berlin and the CIAM-Archiv in Zürich. The extensive documentation available made it possible to study Le Corbusier’s contacts with leading architects in many countries. This paper focuses on one of these contacts – the relationship between Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius.     

Use of functionalized organocobalt initiators in processes of emulsion polymerization

Summary Characteristics of novel organocobalt–tridentate Schiff base chelates bearing a heteroatomic group capable of donating an electron couple, namely amino or hydroxyl function, or the carboxylate anion, at the terminal position of an alkyl ligand, are reported in respect to their presumable application as initiators of radical polymerization. These processes were studied in water emulsions using styrene as a model monomer at various pH and temperatures. Polymerization rates proved relatively low if both the length of carbon chain of the alkyl ligand and pH range favored extra chelation in the given initiator due to coordination of the functional group. With this reservation, the complexes in question act as highly effective pH-dependent initiators of emulsion polymerization, by general analogy with the corresponding non-functionalized initiators. Characteristics of the polymer products, including latexes, are presented and discussed.     

Microbial conversion of sterol‐containing soybean oil production waste

Soybean extract residue (scum), a waste of soybean oil production, was examined as a raw material for C₁₇‐ketosteroid production. As a model process, its bioconversion to 9α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione (9‐OH‐AD) by Mycobacterium sp VKM Ac‐1817D was studied. The content of transformable sterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in scum was estimated at ～14%. The bioconversion of scum to 9‐OH‐AD was characterized by a long lag‐period (300–350 h) followed by 9‐OH‐AD accumulation. The microbial or chemical elimination of fatty non‐identified components resulted in sterol‐enriched scum preparations. Effective conversion of these preparations by Mycobacterium sp was demonstrated: 9‐OH‐AD molar yield ～65% was reached at 60 h from the scum preparation containing 10 g dm^?3 transformable sterols. The process productivity was comparable with that for high quality‐sitosterol of wood origin (tall‐oil sitosterol). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sustainable development of the Belgrade energy system

Cities are the most important energy consumers of any country in all energy vector components. Nowadays, Belgrade as a cultural, educational, scientific, administrative, political, and business center of the region with its own structure of production, transportation, services, and urban system, represents significant consumer of different energy forms. Only useful and final energy is delivered to energy consuming sectors of a city. Simulation model MAED was used in this paper to estimate energy demand in city for a long time period. On the basis of energy demand forecast for three major ‘energy consumers’ (sectors of household/service, industry, and transportation) until 2020, the sustainable development ‘scenarios’ of Belgrade energy system are developed (2005–2010, 2010–2015, 2015–2020). For each ‘scenario’, the energy systems of primary resources are determined so to satisfy the predicted differences in energy consumption for the mentioned time intervals until 2020. In this case different ‘scenarios’ are evaluated. The evaluation of ‘scenarios’ sustainability is obtained by method of multi-criteria analysis. Using energy indices for sustainable development, the following indices are taken into consideration for the assessment of scenario sustainability: economical, social, and environmental. The obtained results can be used by experts in decision-making process.