Deep Anomaly Detection on Tennessee Eastman Process Data

This paper provides the first comprehensive evaluation and analysis of modern (deep-learning-based) unsupervised anomaly detection methods for chemical process data. We focus on the Tennessee Eastman process dataset, a standard litmus test to benchmark anomaly detection methods for nearly three decades. Our extensive study will facilitate choosing appropriate anomaly detection methods in industrial applications. From the benchmark, we conclude that reconstruction-based methods are the methods of choice, followed by generative and forecasting-based methods.     

Combining Software and Hardware Verification Techniques

Combining verification methods developed separately for software and hardware is motivated by the industry's need for a technology that would make formal verification of realistic software/hardware co-designs practical. We focus on techniques that have proved successful in each of the two domains: BDD-based symbolic model checking for hardware verification and partial order reduction for the verification of concurrent software programs. In this paper, we first suggest a modification of partial order reduction, allowing its combination with any BDD-based verification tool, and then describe a co-verification methodology developed using these techniques jointly. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of this combined verification technique, and suggest that for moderate–size systems the method is ready for industrial application.     

Formation of a two-dimensional electron gas in ZnO/MgZnO single heterostructures and quantum wells

The properties of ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures grown by pulsed-laser deposition on sapphire (112?0) and ZnO (0001?) have been compared. Electron accumulation layers have been observed for ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures grown on sapphire by capacitance-voltage (C-V) spectroscopy. The formation of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in these structures has been confirmed by temperature dependent Hall effect measurements. From C-V measurements the sheet carrier density in a Zn_0.8 Mg_0.2O/ZnO/Zn_0.8 Mg_0.2O quantum well (QW) structure with a well width of about 5 nm is calculated to be only about 9.0 × 10¹⁰ cm^− 2. For the films deposited on sapphire 2D growth is observed in the Burton-Cabrera-Frank mode, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. Step flow growth mode was achieved for the homoepitaxial thin films. Quantum confinement effects have been confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Homoepitaxial QWs are more homogeneous (smaller inhomogeneous recombination broadening) than heteroepitaxial QWs.     

Proliferating Lymphatic Endothelial Cells as a Prognostic Marker in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Podoplanin and Ki-67 are two important markers of cancer progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate double immunostaining for Ki-67 and podoplanin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and to observe the involvement of lymphagiogenesis in tumoral and peritumoral areas, as well as the density of tumor proliferation correlated with histopathological grading. A total of 50 patients with HNSCC were included in this study. We carried out a morphological evaluation of tissue samples, after that, cases were selected for double Ki-67 and podoplanin immunostaining. Podoplanin expression was significantly correlated with histopathological grade (p < 0.05; p = 0.037) and expression of Ki-67 (p < 0.05; p = 0.050). A high expression of podoplanin, as well as of the proliferation factor Ki-67, was observed in histopathological grade G3 and the correlation between these (p < 0.05; p = 0.028), and implication of LMVD and LVI was not significant (LMVD p = 0.577; LVI p = 0.976). This study demonstrated the importance of double immunolabeling in assessing lymphagiogenesis and tumor proliferation in correlation with histopathological grades in HNSCC.     

Correlation between Adrenoceptor Expression and Clinical Parameters in Degenerated Lumbar Intervertebral Discs

Despite advanced knowledge of the cellular and biomechanical processes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), the trigger and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Since the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been shown to exhibit catabolic effects in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, it is attractive to speculate that it also influences IVDD. Therefore, we explored the adrenoceptor (AR) expression profile in human IVDs and correlated it with clinical parameters of patients. IVD samples were collected from n = 43 patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion surgery. AR gene expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Clinical parameters as well as radiological Pfirrmann and Modic classification were collected and correlated with AR expression levels. In total human IVD homogenates α1A-, α1B-, α2A-, α2B-, α2C-, β1- and β2-AR genes were expressed. Expression of α1A- (r = 0.439), α2A- (r = 0.346) and β2-AR (r = 0.409) showed a positive and significant correlation with Pfirrmann grade. α1A-AR expression was significantly decreased in IVD tissue of patients with adjacent segment disease (p = 0.041). The results of this study indicate that a relationship between IVDD and AR expression exists. Thus, the SNS and its neurotransmitters might play a role in IVDD pathogenesis. The knowledge of differential AR expression in different etiologies could contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches for IVDD.     

Rapid On-Resin N-Formylation of Peptides as One-Pot Reaction

N-formylation is a common pre- and post-translational modification of the N-terminus or the lysine side chain of peptides and proteins that plays a role in the initiation of immune responses, gene expression, or epigenetics. Despite its high biological relevance, protocols for the chemical N-formylation of synthetic peptides are scarce. The few available methods are elaborate in their execution and the yields are highly sequence-dependent. We present a rapid, easy-to-use one-pot procedure that runs at room temperature and can be used to formylate protected peptides at both the N-terminus and the lysine side chain on the resin in near-quantitative yields. Only insensitive, storage-stable standard chemicals – formic acid, acetic anhydride, pyridine and DMF – are used. Formylation works for both short and long peptides of up to 34 amino acids and over the spectrum of canonical amino acids.     

Diffundierter Sauerstoff als dominierender flacher Akzeptor in p-Typ Kupferiodid-Dünnfilmen

The long-term stability of the optically transparent p-type semiconductor copper iodide is a current challenge. The electrical conductivity of CuI thin films depends critically on the environmental impact. Al₂O₃ cappings enhance the stability considerably. Systematic studies on Al₂O₃/CuI heterostructures in dependence of the N₂/O₂ growth pressure show the electrical conductivity of the CuI films being determined by the oxygen diffusion through Al₂O₃ und CuI. Oxygen seems to be a dominating acceptor in CuI. We traced the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into CuI with ¹⁸O isotopes.     

Macromolecular electron density averaging on distributed memory MIMD systems

The paper discusses algorithms and programs for electron density averaging using a distributed memory MIMD system. Electron density averaging is a computationally intensive step needed for phase refinement and extension in the computation of the 3-D structure of macromolecules like proteins and viruses. The determination of a single structure may require thousands of hours of CPU time for traditional supercomputers. The approach discussed in this paper leads to a reduction by one to two orders of magnitude of the computing time. The program runs on an Intel iPSC/860 and on the Touchstone Delta system and uses a user controlled shared virtual memory and a dynamic load-balancing mechanism.