Aplysia sea hare assimilation of secondary metabolites from brown seaweed,Stypopodium zonale

JuvenileAplysia dactylomela were found feeding in abundance on the tropical brown algaStypopodium zonale, a seaweed previously shown to contain numerous unique terpene-quinone natural products. Lipid extracts of these herbivorous mollusks were shown by TLC and HPLC-NMR analyses to contain appreciable quantities of twoS. zonale metabolites as well as one new but closely related compound. Spectroscopic analyses of the new compound in concert with functional group modifications identified this new compound as 3-keto epitaondiol. A careful analysis of the seaweed extract failed to locate this ketone, and thus, it most likely represents anAplysia-biotransformed compound. This is the first clear reported observation of metabolite transfer between an alga of the phylum Phaeophyta and a sea hare.     

Heat and mass transfer during air drying of solids

Heat and mass transfer are studied for drying of a semi-infinite solid in warm air. The mathematical model, a system of partial differential equations, gives an exact analytical solution if transfer coefficients are constant and free water present at the surface. An analogy has been found for heat transfer with and without drying. A finite-difference solution of broader application than the analytical method has been developed, and the two methods agree closely. Experiments are described which show fair agreement with calculations of heat transfer during the first step of drying. Water content profiles remain flat during that period and no precise comparison can be made     

Mixing effects and hydrodynamics of vortex rings

Vortex rings have been formed in water by impulsive flow through an orifice, and mixing effects due to the lings have been measured. Laboratory tests on the mixing of stratified layers of salt solution by vortex rings formed at a 6.35 cm diameter orifice have indicated that Froude number is an important factor in determining the energy efficiency of mixing. Field tests using a 25.4 cm orifice in Hamilton Harbour (18 m depth of water) have shown a small mixing effect. Further experiments with a 25.4 cm orifice in a test tank have shown that the vortex rings have a range of at least 30 m.     

Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. V. Preparation and properties of diels-alder adducts and their esters fromtrans,trans-conjugated fatty acids derived from soybean oil

Summary Soybean fatty acids were conjugated with alkali, and the contained, conjugated dienoic acids were isomerized with iodine to thetrans,trans configuration. Adducts were prepared from thesetrans,trans-conjugated acids by condensation with maleic anhydride and acrylic acid. The adducts were isolated, purified, and converted to esters by using a variety of alcohols, including methyl, ethyl,n-propyl,n-butyl, and allyl alcohols. Esters made from saturated alcohols were converted into the corresponding epoxy derivatives. All of the esters (except allyl) and all of the epoxy esters were compatible with an equal weight of polyvinyl chloride and appeared to be primary plasticizers for this plastic. The epoxy esters were effective in inhibiting heat deterioration of polyvinyl chloride. Presented at fall meeting. American Oil Chemists' Society, September 23–26, 1956, Chicago, Ill.     

Eco‐friendly durable press finishing of cellulose‐containing fabrics

To impart easy‐care properties to cellulose‐containing fabrics along with avoiding any harmful effects of formaldehyde on both the health and the environment, attempts have been made to use citric acid (CA) as an ester crosslinking agent along with different catalytic systems in the absence and presence of certain additives. Further, fixation conditions, type of crosslinking agent, as well as type of substrate have been studied. Results revealed that the enhancement in carboxyl content, performance properties, and the decrease in tear strength (TS) as well as in whiteness indices (WI) of the finished fabric samples were increased by increasing CA concentration up to 80 g/L and by raising thermofixation temperature from 140 up to 180°C for 90 s. Inclusion of triethanolamine hydrochloride (TEA. HCl), decreased the carboxyl content, TS, color strength K/S, as well as oily stain release rating (SRR) of the finished fabric samples along with an increase in bound nitrogen (%N), wrinkle recovery angle WRA, and an improvement in WI without affecting the durable press rating (DP). Within the range examined (0–30 g/L), increasing PEG‐600 concentration improved the wet resiliency, TS, as well as WI properties of the finished samples. Increasing DMDHEU ratio in the CA/DMDHEU crosslinking system gave rise to an increase in %N, WRA (dry and wet), DP, as well as in free CH₂O of finished fabrics, along with a slight improvement in WI values. On the other hand, the TS, carboxyl content, K/S, SRR values of the finished fabric samples were lower at a higher DMDHEU ratio. Increase in carboxyl content, %N, WRA (dry and wet), DP and SRR, as well as extent of post dyeing (K/S) of the treated fabric samples upon using different ester crosslinking agents followed the descending order: citric acid > pyromellitic dianhydride. The opposite holds true for the TS, and WI values. Among the esterifying catalysts used, and for a given set of finishing conditions, NaH₂PO₂ · H₂O proved to be the most effective one, and the following order of effectiveness may be drawn: NaH₂PO₂ · H₂O > K₂HPO₄ > Na₃–citrate > Na₂–tartrate. Inclusion of silicone softener in the finishing formulation brought about an improvement in softeness degree, WRA, %N, DP, TS as well as K/S values along with a decrease in carboxyl content, SRR, and WI values of the treated fabric samples, regardless of the used silicone softener.The performance properties of the finished fabric samples were determined by the type and nature of the substrate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2243–2253, 2002     

Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylonitrile grafted with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

Summary Free radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN, M₁) with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)--vinylbenzyl ether (PPO-VBE, M₂, _n + 4200g/mol, _w/ _n + 1.04) was performed at 60°C in either a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide/toluene or tetrahydrofuran, using 2,2-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The characterization of the resulting polyacrylonitrile grafted with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PAN-g-PPO) was performed by 200 MHz ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and solubility.     

The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole in the presence of carbon black

In order to obtain more detailed information on the mechanism of the polymerization of N-vinyl-carbazole (N-VC) in the presence of carbon black, a comparison of the rates of conversion under various conditions was made and the following results were obtained. The phenolic hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon black were found to have an ability to initiate the polymerization, and an increase in dielectric constant of the solvent increased the rate of polymerization. Using the mixture of N-VC and comonomers such as styrene or methyl methacrylate, we found that styrene gives a copolymer with N-VC, while methyl methacrylate gives no copolymer during the early stage of polymerization. The phenomena observed here indicate that the nature of polymerization of N-VC initiated by carbon black is cationic.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Application of Sucrose Carboxylic Acid Polyesters — A Prototype of Non-Caloric or Surface Active Compounds

Sucrose carboxylic acid polyesters are in dependence of the degree of acylation and fatty acid composition more or less undigestible or emulsifying fat substitutes and functional additives for foods. In this connection the relationships between their molecular parameters and functional properties are discussed. New procedures of the solvent-free synthesis are presented. Furthermore, open biochemical and toxicological problems of pinocytosis and accumulation of intact polyesters in organs and tissue being still under investigations are considered.