Application of time resolved emission techniques within the failure analysis flow

As the number of transistors and metal layers increases, traditional fault isolation techniques are less successful in exactly isolating the failing net or transistor to allow physical failure analysis. One tool to minimize the gap between global fault isolation – by means of emission microscopy or laser based techniques (TIVA, OBIRCH) – and physical root cause analysis is Time Resolved Emission (TRE). This paper presents two case studies illustrating the application of TRE within the failure analysis flow to generate a reasonable physical failure hypothesis.     

Quadrature ���� Modulators for Cognitive Radio��I/Q Imbalance Analysis and Complex Multiband Principle

This article discusses the applicability of quadrature ΣΔ modulator (QΣΔM) based analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion in cognitive radio (CR) receivers. First, unavoidable in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) mismatch effects, limiting the dynamic range, are analyzed in closed-form in the case of a first-order modulator. In addition, using the derived analytical converter model, it is shown that notching the signal transfer function (STF) of the modulator at the mirror frequencies of the desired signals will effectively cancel the I/Q imbalance induced mirror-frequency interference in case of the modulator feedback mismatch. In practice, such STF design is easy to implement within the existing converter circuitry, as will be demonstrated in this article. The latter part of the article proposes a novel complex multiband QΣΔM scheme, particularly aimed for the CR receivers. This multiband scheme allows parallel reception of scattered frequency chunks in the CR context and is stemming from the additional degrees of freedom in noise transfer function (NTF) design, provided by the QΣΔM principle. Here multiple noise shaping notches on distinct frequencies are effectively realized through proper design of complex NTF. The modulator structure also allows flexible reconfigurability of the notches with straightforward parameterization of the modulator transfer functions. When combined with the above mirror-frequency rejecting STF design, the concept is demonstrated and proved effective and robust against I/Q imbalances using practical radio signal simulations in realistic received signal conditions.     

Monomolecular and Bimolecular Recombination of Electron–Hole Pairs at the Interface of a Bilayer Organic Solar Cell

While it has been argued that field‐dependent geminate pair recombination (GR) is important, this process is often disregarded when analyzing the recombination kinetics in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). To differentiate between the contributions of GR and nongeminate recombination (NGR) the authors study bilayer OSCs using either a PCDTBT‐type polymer layer with a thickness from 14 to 66 nm or a 60 nm thick p‐DTS(FBTTh₂)₂ layer as donor material and C₆₀ as acceptor. The authors measure JV‐characteristics as a function of intensity and charge‐extraction‐by‐linearly‐increasing‐voltage‐type hole mobilities. The experiments have been complemented by Monte Carlo simulations. The authors find that fill factor (FF) decreases with increasing donor layer thickness (L_p) even at the lowest light intensities where geminate recombination dominates. The authors interpret this in terms of thickness dependent back diffusion of holes toward their siblings at the donor–acceptor interface that are already beyond the Langevin capture sphere rather than to charge accumulation at the donor–acceptor interface. This effect is absent in the p‐DTS(FBTTh₂)₂ diode in which the hole mobility is by two orders of magnitude higher. At higher light intensities, NGR occurs as evidenced by the evolution of s‐shape of the JV‐curves and the concomitant additional decrease of the FF with increasing layer thickness.     

Energy yield prediction errors and uncertainties of different photovoltaic models

Mathematical, empirical, and electrical models have long been implemented and used to predict the energy yield of many photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The purpose of this paper is to compare the annual DC energy yield prediction errors of four models namely the single‐point efficiency, single‐point efficiency with temperature correction, the Photovoltaic for Utility‐Scale Applications (PVUSA), and the one‐diode model, against outdoor measurements for different grid‐connected PV systems in Cyprus over a 4‐year evaluation period. The different models showed a wide variation of prediction errors, demonstrating a strong dependence between model performance and the different technologies. In particular, it was clearly shown that the application of temperature loss correction based on the manufacturer's temperature coefficients of power at maximum power point assisted in improving the energy yield prediction significantly especially for the crystalline silicon (c‐Si) technologies. In most cases, the best agreement between the modeled results and outdoor‐measured annual DC energy yield for mono‐crystalline silicon (mono‐c‐Si) and multi‐crystalline silicon (multi‐c‐Si) technologies was obtained using the one‐diode model. The energy yield for the thin‐film technologies was more accurately predicted using the PVUSA model with the exception of the copper‐indium‐gallium‐diselenide (CIGS) technology, which was best predicted using the single‐point efficiency with temperature correction and one‐diode models, thus demonstrating similar physical properties to c‐Si technologies. The paper further quantifies the combined uncertainties associated with the predicted energy yield as a function of the input parameters for the single‐point efficiency, single‐point efficiency with temperature correction, and the PVUSA models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of origin-destination pair traffic in Funet

In this paper we analyze measurements gathered from a 2.5~Gbps link in the Finnish university network (Funet) in 2004. The traffic is broken down into origin-destination (OD) pair components based on source and destination IP address. We study the traffic characteristics of these components, and identify four typical representative OD pairs. For these pairs we investigate the validity of a moving IID Gaussian model. We find that the statistical properties of these OD pairs differ significantly from each other, with only some of them close to Gaussian. The OD pairs are also found to have some cross-correlation between each other, contradicting an often made assumption about OD pair independence. Furthermore, the existence of a mean-variance relation between the OD pairs is studied. We find that there is a relation between mean and variance, but for some periods of time it is rather weak.     

Polylactide‐block‐Polypeptide‐block‐Polylactide Copolymer Nanoparticles with Tunable Cleavage and Controlled Drug Release

A versatile nanoparticle system is presented in which drug release is triggered by enzymatic polymer cleavage, resulting in a physicochemical change of the carrier. The polylactide‐block‐peptide‐block‐polylactide triblock copolymer is generated by initiation of the ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide with a complex bifunctional peptide having an enzymatic recognition and cleavage site (Pro‐Leu‐Gly‐Leu‐Ala‐Gly). This triblock copolymer is specifically bisected by matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), an enzyme overexpressed in tumor tissues. Triblock copolymer nanoparticles formed by nonaqueous emulsion polymerization are readily transferred into aqueous media without aggregation, even in the presence of blood serum. Cleavage of the triblock copolymer leads to a significant decrease of the glass transition temperature (T_g) from 39 °C to 31 °C, likely mediating cargo release under physiological conditions. Selective drug targeting is demonstrated by hampered mitosis and increased cell death resulting from drug release via MMP‐2 specific cleavage of triblock copolymer carrier. On the contrary, nanocarriers having a scrambled (non‐recognizable) peptide sequence do not cause enhanced cytotoxicity, demonstrating the enzyme‐specific cleavage and subsequent drug release. The unique physicochemical properties, cleavage‐dependent cargo release, and tunability of carrier bioactivity by simple peptide exchange highlight the potential of this polymer‐nanoparticle concept as platform for custom‐designed carrier systems.     

Catalytically Doped Semiconductors for Chemical Gas Sensing: Aerogel‐Like Aluminum‐Containing Zinc Oxide Materials Prepared in the Gas Phase

Atmospheric contamination with organic compounds is undesired in industry and in society because of odor nuisance or potential toxicity. Resistive gas sensors made of semiconducting metal oxides are effective in the detection of gases even at low concentration. Major drawbacks are low selectivity and missing sensitivity toward a targeted compound. Acetaldehyde is selected due to its high relevance in chemical industry and its toxic character. Considering the similarity between gas‐sensing and heterogeneous catalysis (surface reactions, activity, selectivity), it is tempting to transfer concepts. A question of importance is how doping and the resulting change in electronic properties of a metal‐oxide support with semiconducting properties alters reactivity of the surfaces and the functionality in gas‐sensing and in heterogeneous catalysis. A gas‐phase synthesis method is employed for aerogel‐like zinc oxide materials with a defined content of aluminum (n‐doping), which were then used for the assembly of gas sensors. It is shown that only Al‐doped ZnO represents an effective sensor material that is sensitive down to very low concentrations (<350 ppb). The advance in properties relates to a catalytic effect for the doped semiconductor nanomaterial.     

Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature

A microarray analysis was performed to study the effect of varying combinations of water activity and temperature on the activation of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus flavus grown on YES medium. Generally A. flavus showed expression of the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes at all parameter combinations tested. Certain combinations of a_w and temperature, especially combinations which imposed stress on the fungus resulted in a significant reduction of the growth rate. At these conditions induction of the whole aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster occurred, however the produced aflatoxin B₁ was low. At all other combinations (25 °C/0.95 and 0.99; 30 °C/0.95 and 0.99; 35 °C/0.95 and 0.99) a reduced basal level of cluster gene expression occurred. At these combinations a high growth rate was obtained as well as high aflatoxin production. When single genes were compared, two groups with different expression profiles in relation to water activity/temperature combinations occurred. These two groups were co-ordinately localized within the aflatoxin gene cluster. The ratio of aflR/aflJ expression was correlated with increased aflatoxin biosynthesis.