Deeper into attachment and culture.

Replies to comments by 7 authors (see records 2001-18772-008, 2001-18772-009, 2001-18772-010, 2001-18772-011, and 2001-18772-012) in reference to the F. Rothbaum et al's original article (see record 2000-02781-001), which highlighted evidence of cultural variations in, and noted ways in which attachment theory is laden with Western values and meaning in comparisons of the US and Japan. Here, Rothbaum et al defend their central thesis and note areas of their agreement and disagreement with the aforementioned comments and criticisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive and somatic aspects of depression among a rehabilitation sample: Reliability and validity of SCL-90—R research subscales.

Administered the SCL-90-R to 78 adult patients with chronic pain, 52 adult patients with spinal cord injury, and a control group of 145 college students. Estimates of internal consistency, represented by coefficient alpha, were .69 for the Somatic Depression subscales and .91 for the Cognitive Depression subscales. Data suggestive of construct validity included differential correlations of r?=?.78 between the experimental Cognitive Depression scale and the SCL-90-R Obsessive Compulsive scale, and r?=?.66 between the experimental Somatic Depression scale and the SCL-90-R Somatization scale. Similar evidence of divergent validity was not clearly demonstrated with the remaining SCL-90-R subscales. multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that previously found item response patterning was replicated with the chronic pain and spinal cord injured Ss. Refinement of the research subscales and implications for clinical use among medical/rehabilitation samples are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of age, objects, and visual experience on affective responses of rhesus monkeys to strangers.

Studied the development of lipsmacking and grimacing, facial expressions associated with friendliness and fear, respectively, in 26 rhesus monkeys raised under 3 conditions that included visual exposure to (a) monkeys and people, (b) one monkey, (c) neither monkeys nor people. Ss were tested through Life Weeks 1–22 for responses to their mirror image or a human face. Age, stimulus configuration, and experience interacted in the development of the 2 responses. Lipsmacking generally occurred earlier than grimacing and was most frequently elicited by the face. Frequency of lipsmacking increased initially, then declined; in contrast, frequency of grimacing increased progressively throughout testing. Rearing conditions significantly affected age of first response, level of responsiveness, and stimulus differentiation. The most restricted group was oldest at first response, least responsive, and showed the weakest differentiation of stimuli; the most experienced group was at the opposite extreme on these comparisons. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lead-acid cells with polyaniline-coated negative plates

Positive- and negative-limited lead-acid cells with conventional and polyaniline (PANI)-coated negative plates were assembled and tested at varying discharge rates. The cells with PANI-coated negative plates exhibit lower impedance in relation to conventional cells and sustain higher discharge-rates with lesser loss in capacity during prolonged charge–discharge cycling as compared to conventional cells. It is suggested that PANI-coated negative plates are beneficial in designing lead-acid batteries operating at partial-state-of-charge.     

Relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic signals and sociosexual behavior in rats.

The copulatory performance of male rats, tested in a large seminaturalistic environment, was assessed to determine the relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and a range of sociosexual behaviors. The 7 sexually experienced Charles River male rats were tested until sexual exhaustion. Ultrasonic signals were shown to occur in a wider range of sociosexual circumstances than previously reported; for example, the calls occurred in particular social circumstances during the preejaculatory period as well as during the postejaculatory interval. There was no consistent evidence that the emission of this call during the postejaculatory period consistently functions to keep the female away from the male. The nature and occurrence of postejaculatory ultrasonic signals showed increasing variability in successive ejaculatory series. The results of this and previous studies are interpreted within a semiotic theory of communication. The 22-kHz call is described as a message that makes available the information that the sender is in a socially depressed and withdrawn state. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fluid flow in filling ladles

The fluid flow generated during the course of tapping operations from Basic Oxygen Furnaces was analyzed. Mathematical models of the filling process were developed, and their predictions checked with experimental values obtained using a one-tenth scale model of the ladle. Reasonable agreement was achieved. Based on the full scale predictions, it is suggested that the magnitude of flow velocities are technologically significant in terms of their effect on ferro-alloy immersion times and recoveries.     

Transitions in concept acquisition: Using the hand to read the mind.

Thoughts conveyed through gesture often differ from thoughts conveyed through speech. A model of the sources and consequences of such gesture–speech mismatches and their role during transitional periods in the acquisition of concepts is proposed. The model makes 2 major claims: (1) The transitional state is the source of gesture–speech mismatch. In gesture–speech mismatch, 2 beliefs are simultaneously expressed on the same problem, one in gesture and another in speech. This simultaneous activation of multiple beliefs characterizes the transitional knowledge state and creates gesture–speech mismatch. (2) Gesture–speech mismatch signals to the social world that a child is in a transitional state and is ready to learn. The child's spontaneous gestures index the zone of proximal development, thus providing a mechanism by which adults can calibrate their input to that child's level of understanding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of headings by children for text search.

Examined the development of text search strategies in 144 4th, 6th, and 8th graders who were assigned to reading booklets with or without headings embedded in the reading material. Both younger and older Ss demonstrated evidence of efficient use of headings as locational aids when explicitly instructed on how to use them, and spontaneous use of headings as a search strategy was observed in half of the 4th and 6th graders and in most of the 8th graders. Ss at all levels read faster when asked to search for a specific fact than when asked to read the story line by line, indicating their awareness of when to skim. Findings suggest that by the 4th grade, children may have the cognitive skills to benefit from headings but may use these skills only in structured situations. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Faking specific disorders and temporal response consistency on the MMPI-2.

The ability of persons faking posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or closed-head injury (CHI) to respond consistently across serial testings on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2; J. Butcher, W. Dahlstrom, J. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) was investigated. Results showed that individuals faking PTSD obtained 2-week test–retest reliability scores comparable to individuals completing the MMPI-2 with standard instructions; individuals faking CHI obtained reliability coefficients significantly lower than individuals faking PTSD. A 3?×?2 (Response Style?×?Time) analysis of variance indicated that individuals faking a disorder obtained significantly elevated scores on validity scales sensitive to overreporting; no main effect for time was found. Results suggest that test-takers faking specific disorders can describe symptoms consistently on repeated testing and that type of disorder may affect temporal response consistency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)