Dietary sodium bicarbonate for high-producing Holstein cows over complete lactations

Several concentrates with sodium bicarbonate (experimental) were compared with the same concentrates without sodium bicarbonate (control) throughout two lactations. During first lactation, two control concentrates were used in sequence in one comparison and three in another. Toward the end of first lactation, sodium bicarbonate was increased from 1.5 to 2.5% in concentrates, and that concentration was continued throughout the second lactation. During second lactation high-moisture corn with soybean meal was one concentrate; the other included half high-moisture barley and half dry corn and soybean meal. Fifty-two and 60 lactations of cows fed control and experimental rations contributed feed intake and production data. Ninety-four and 95 lactations of cows fed control or experimental rations contributed 305-day, mature-equivalent production data over three lactations. Inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in these rations had little effect on feed consumption, milk production, fat content of milk, efficiency of milk production, or change of body weight. The kind of concentrate did not alter the effect of sodium bicarbonate. Cows consuming control rations produced 8898 kg milk with 312 kg fat (305-day mature equivalent). Cows using bicarbonate produced 8972 kg milk with 312 kg fat.     

Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of berries from Clidemia rubra (Aubl.) Mart. (Melastomataceae)

The flora of Latin America attracts gaining interest as it provides a plethora of still unexplored or under-utilized fruits that can contribute to human well-being due to their nutritional value and their content of bioactive compounds. Clidemia rubra (Aubl.) Mart. is a shrub belonging to the family of the Melastomataceae that grows preferably in a tropical climate. This paper comprises a nutritional characterization of the berries from Clidemia rubra and provides data on the phenolic compounds as well as the antioxidant capacity of the fruit. Findings in macronutrients like protein, carbohydrates, and fat were comparable to that of common berry fruits. Clidemia rubra berries seemed to be a good source for dietary fibers and some minerals (Ca, Mn, and Zn). In contrast, contents of titratable acids and ascorbic acid were low. The polyphenolic profile was determined by using HPLC-MS/MS in comparison to standard compounds. Noteworthy amounts of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (39.43 ± 1.66 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW)), delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (23.74 ± 1.18 mg/100 g FW), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (11.68 ± 0.56 mg/100 g FW), and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (6.08 ± 0.35 mg/100 g FW) were found. Non-anthocyanin phenolic constituents were phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxy-benzoic, vanillic, and caffeic acid), flavan-3-ols (epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate), and 11 different myricetin and quercetin derivatives of which quercetin 3-O-arabinoside (5.26 ± 0.16 mg/100 g FW) and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (5.06 ± 0.08 mg/100 g FW) were dominating. Anthocyanins and ascorbic acid were mainly responsible for the antioxidant capacity of Clidemia rubra berries assessed with the total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay.     

Geschichtliche Entwicklung und aktuelle Praxis der Probebelastung — Teil 1: Geschichtliche Entwicklung im 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts

Seit der Urzeit sind Menschen bestrebt, in allen Bereichen ihres Lebens ein möglichst großes Maß an Sicherheit zu erreichen. Für das Bauwesen gilt das in ganz besonderer Weise, denn das Versagen von Bauwerken ist in der Gesellschaft viel weniger akzeptiert, als zum Beispiel das Versagen von Kraftfahrzeugen oder elektronischen Geräten. Speziell empfinden wir das Gefühl von Sicherheit, wenn wir “wissen“ oder “sehen“, dass Bauteile den entsprechenden Lasten standhalten. Deshalb stellten Probebelastungen bis ins 19. und 20. Jahrhundert den ultimativen Nachweis der Tragsicherheit für Bauteile und Bauwerke dar. Besonders die Stahlbetonbauweise konnte sich in ihren Anfangsjahren nur deshalb durchsetzen, weil ihre Leistungsfähigkeit durch vielfältige Belastungsproben gegenüber einer großen Öffentlichkeit wirkungsvoll bewiesen wurde. Historical development and current practise of load tests in situ — part 1: historical development in the 19th and at the begin of the 20th century. Since prehistoric times people are striving to achieve the largest possible range of safety in all areas of their lives. For the construction industry this is important in a very special way, because the failure of structures is much less accepted in society, as for example the failure of motor vehicles or electronic devices. We especially feel a sense of security if we really “know“ or “see“ that components can withstand the appropriate loads. Therefore, load tests represented the ultimate proof of the safety of components and structures during the 19th and 20th Century. Especially, reinforced concrete could prevail in its early years only because its performance has been proven effective by a multitude of load tests to a wide public.     

Victim–offender relationship status moderates the relationships of peritraumatic emotional responses, active resistance, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology in female rape survivors.

This study examined whether the level of victim–offender relationship (VOR) moderated the relationship between peritraumatic fear and active resistance as well as the relationship between peritraumatic fear and posttraumatic stress symptom severity in a community sample of female rape survivors. Participants (N = 124) were interviewed about their emotional and behavioral responses during the rape and assessed for posttraumatic stress symptomatology within 1 month of the assault. Results indicated that peritraumatic fear was positively associated with active resistance, but only among survivors of acquaintance rape. In addition, peritraumatic fear was positively associated with posttraumatic stress symptom severity, but only among survivors of intimate partner rape. These results suggest that VOR may be an important contextual factor that influences emotional and behavioral responses during rape as well as posttraumatic stress symptomatology in its aftermath. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Die Scherkondetalbrücke,die erste semi‐integrale Talbrücke der DB AG auf der Neubaustrecke Erfurt – Leipzig/Halle VDE 8.2

Auf der Neubaustrecke Erfurt – Leipzig/Halle werden zurzeit einige Talbrücken realisiert, die einen neuen, ganzheitlich orientierten Entwurfsansatz verfolgen. Bei diesen integralen bzw. semi‐integralen Bauwerken sind die Überbauten monolithisch mit den Pfeilern und teilweise mit den Widerlagern verbunden. Sie können deshalb schlanker und mit stetigen Übergängen zwischen den Bauteilen ausgeführt werden. Durch den weitgehenden Verzicht auf Lager und Fugen und durch die robuste Bauweise besitzen integrale Bauwerke eine wesentlich längere Lebenserwartung als herkömmliche Talbrücken. Am Beispiel der Scherkondetalbrücke werden in diesem Beitrag die Unterschiede zwischen den konventionellen und den semi‐integralen Tragwerken erläutert sowie die Voraussetzungen und die Vorteile der Anwendung von integralen Bauwerken für die DB AG herausgearbeitet. Bridge over Scherkonde Valley – the First Large Semi‐Integral Bridge on High‐Speed Railway Route Erfurt – Leipzig/Halle Currently some large valley bridges are under construction on high‐speed railway route Erfurt‐Leipzig/Halle. These bridges follow a new holistic design philosophy. The superstructure of those integral or semi‐integral bridges is rigidly connected to the abutments and the columns. Therefore they are more slender than conventional bridges, and the bridges are very robust and durable because of the omitting of bearings and dilatation joints. The bridge over the Scherkonde valley is taken as an example for explaining the differences between conventional and semi‐integral bridges in this paper. This example shows the advantages and the requirements of integral buildings for high‐speed railway bridges.