Application of a novel polypropylene to the insulation of an electric power cable

Cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) has been widely adopted as insulating material for high‐voltage power cables up to 500 kV. Further improvement of electrical and thermal properties on insulating material is required in order to increase cable operation efficiency. Therefore, the development of novel insulating material possessing high thermal properties will be necessary. Recent progress of catalysis technology contributes to obtain new polymeric materials which may be applied to electrical insulation. The authors investigated the basic properties of newly developed stereoregular syndiotactic polypropylene (s‐PP) which is synthesized with homogeneous metallocene catalyst. Though recycling of cross‐linked polymers such as conventionally used XLPE may be difficult because of their poor heat deformation, the s‐PP which is not cross‐linked must be suitable for recycling. A series of experiments on its physical and electrical properties gave the following results.

• (1) s‐PP has sufficient flexibility compared with isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP ).
• (2) Both AC and lightning impulse breakdown strength of s‐PP in spite of no cross‐linking are superior to those of XLPE in the temperature range from 25 to 90 °C.
• (3) Degradation by copper of s‐PP is less than that of i‐PP.
• (4) s‐PP/VLDPE blend shows sufficient brittleness temperature for use.

These results suggested that s‐PP should serve as insulating material for power cables at higher‐temperature operation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 18–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002//eej.10210     

Molecular cloning of porcine growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) cDNA and its role in early folliculogenesis: direct ovarian injection of GDF-9 gene fragments promotes early folliculogenesis

Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) is a growth factor secreted by oocytes in growing ovarian follicles. To investigate the ovarian function of GDF-9 in pigs, we first cloned porcine GDF-9 complementary DNA (cDNA), and then injected its gene fragments into the ovary in gilts. Porcine GDF-9 has open reading frame (ORF) homologies of 81.4%, 84.6%, 84.2%, 72.7% and 72.6% with its human, bovine, ovine, rat and mouse counterparts respectively. Regarding the deduced amino-acid sequence of the mature protein, the corresponding homologies reach 92.1%, 97.8%, 97.0%, 89.6% and 88.1% respectively. To investigate the role of GDF-9 in early folliculogenesis, the ovaries of 2-month-old prepubertal gilts were injected with GDF-9 gene fragments. The injection of porcine GDF-9 gene fragments resulted in an increase in the number of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles, concomitant with a decrease in the number of primordial follicles. These results indicated that exogenous GDF-9 can promote early folliculogenesis in the porcine ovary, and that a technique for direct ovarian injection of GFD-9 gene fragments may contribute to a novel therapy for prevention and treatment of infertility associated with ovarian dysfunction.     

Reconstruction of a high-resolution image on a compound-eye image-capturing system

The authors have proposed an architecture for a compact image-capturing system called TOMBO (thin observation module by bound optics), which uses compound-eye imaging for a compact hardware configuration [Appl. Opt. 40, 1806 (2001)]. The captured compound image is decomposed into a set of unit images, then the pixels in the unit images are processed with digital processing to retrieve the target image. A new method for high-resolution image reconstruction, called a pixel rearrange method, is proposed. The relation between the target object and the captured signals is estimated and utilized to rearrange the original pixel information. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. In the experimental TOMBO system, the resolution obtained is four times higher than that of the unit image that did not undergo reconstruction processing.     

Ultraviolet-visible and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy studies on self-assembled metalloporphyrin films on organic monolayer-modified ultra-thin silver substrates

A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) film of 5,10,15,20-tetra-(para-chlorophenyl)-porphyrin terbium (or lutetium) hydroxy compound (TbOH/LuOH) fabricated on a silver substrate premodified with a SAM of 4-mercaptopyridine (PySH) was studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. PySH can modify the substrate and deliver its pyridyl group pointing out from the silver surface. Thus, we can investigate the effects of the central metals of the metalloporphyrins in the formation of the composite films. For the TbOH-PySH composite film, a new absorption band arising from TbOH appears at 425 nm, and a band at 512 nm due to the PySH-modified silver substrate shifts to a longer wavelength (538 nm). The results suggest that TbOH is successfully assembled on the top of PySH-modified silver film and that there is an interaction between TbOH and PySH in the film. The frequency shifts and relative intensity changes of bands due to PySH in the SERS spectra imply the coordination of the pyridyl group on Tb in the SAM. As for the LuOH-PySH composite film, its SERS spectrum shows bands arising from both the LuOH and PySH moieties, indicating that LuOH is assembled on the PySH-modified silver film. Furthermore, a band at 1221 cm(-1) due to the in-plane C-H bending mode of PySH disappears, implying that the pyridyl moiety of PySH becomes more parallel to the silver surface upon the formation of the LuOH-PySH composite film. Additionally, an absorption band at 515 nm shifts to a longer wavelength (541 nm) and becomes broad upon the formation of the composite film, suggesting an interaction between LuOH and PySH in the film. By comparing the spectral changes between the two self-assembled composite films, we find that the central metal is crucial in the formation of the composite films. The structure and orientation of the composite films depend on the central metal of the metalloporphyrin compounds.     

Part I: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy investigation of amino acids and their homodipeptides adsorbed on colloidal silver

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra (SERS) were measured for various amino acids: L-methionine (Met), L-cysteine (Cys), Lglycine (Gly), L-leucine (Leu), L-phenylalanine (Phe), and L-proline (Pro) and their homodipeptides (Met-Met, Cys-Cys, Gly-Gly, LeuLeu, Phe-Phe, and Pro-Pro) in silver colloidal solutions. The geometry and orientation of the amino acids or dipeptides on the silver surface, and their specific interaction with the surface, were deducted by detailed spectral analysis of the SERS spectra. This analysis has allowed us to propose the particular surface geometry of amino acids or dipeptides and also implied that C-C bonds were almost parallel to the surface, as evidenced by the absence of marker bands in the skeletal C-C stretching region of the spectra. Additionally, using "time-dependent" SERS measurements we solved an existing controversy regarding the binding specificity of Gly-Gly on the silver surface.     

Temperature-dependent near-infrared spectra of bovine serum albumin in aqueous solutions: spectral analysis by principal component analysis and evolving factor analysis

Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectra have been measured for bovine serum albumin (BSA) in an aqueous solution (pH 6.8) with a concentration of 5.0 wt% over a temperature range of 45-85 degrees C. Not only conventional spectral analysis methods, such as second-derivative spectra and difference spectra, but also chemometrics, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and evolving factor analysis (EFA), have been employed to analyze the temperature-dependent NIR spectra in the 7500-5500 and 4900-4200 cm-1 regions of the BSA aqueous solution. Intensity changes of bands in the 7200-6600 cm-1 and 4650-4500 cm-1 regions in the difference spectra indicate variations of the hydration and secondary structure of BSA in the aqueous solution, respectively. The plot of a band intensity at 7080 cm-1 in the different spectra shows a clear turning point at 63 degrees C, revealing that a significant change in the hydration occurs at about 63 degrees C. The forward and backward eigenvalues (EVs) from EFA suggest that marked changes in the hydration and secondary structure of BSA take place in the temperature ranges of 61-65 degrees C and 59-63 degrees C, respectively. In addition, the temperature of 71 degrees C marked in the EFA plots may correspond to the onset temperature of increase in the intermolecular beta-sheet structure.     

Chemiluminescence detection for a microchip capillary electrophoresis system fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Chemiluminescence (CL) detection integrated with a microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) system that was fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) was demonstrated for chemical and biochemical analyses. Two model CL systems were involved here: metal ion-catalyzed luminol-peroxide reaction and dansyl species conjugated peroxalate-peroxide reaction. Different strategies based on three chip patterns (cross, cross combining with Y, and cross combining with V) to perform on-line CL detection for MCE were evaluated and compared in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, and peak symmetry. The chip pattern of cross combining with Y proved to be promising for the luminol-peroxide CL system, while the chip pattern of cross combining with V was preferred for the peroxalate-peroxide system where CL reagent could not be effectively transported by electroosmotic flow. A detection limit down to submicromolar concentrations (midattomole) was achieved with good reproducibility and symmetric peak shape. Successful separation of three metal cations such as Cr(III), Co(II), and Cu(II) and chiral recognition of dansyl phenylalanine enantiomers within 1 min revealed distinct advantages of combining MCE with CL detection for rapid and sensitive analyses.     

Phase shift at a turning point in a planar optical waveguide

We present a novel matrix approach to proving that the phase shift at a turning point in a planar optical wave-guide is exactly equal to pi rather than to pi/2 or to some other value. We also show the existence of phase contributions from reflected subwaves, which to our knowledge have never been taken into account previously.     

Investigations of the roles of the distal heme environment and the proximal heme iron ligand in peroxide activation by heme enzymes via molecular engineering of myoglobin

To pursue structure-function relationships of heme enzymes in the activation of peroxides, we have chosen to use myoglobin as the framework for our molecular engineering studies. Comparison of the crystal structures of myoglobin and peroxidases reveals differences in the arrangement of amino acid residues in heme active sites. On the basis of these structural differences and the reaction mechanisms of peroxidases, we have converted myoglobin into a peroxidase-like enzyme by alternation of the heme distal pocket via site-directed mutagenesis. The replacement of the proximal histidine with cysteine and the exogenous substituted imidazoles slightly accelerates the peroxide O-O bond cleavage due to the electron donor characteristics. However, we have not observed an enhancement in the activation of peroxide by the proximal mutant with tyrosine, the exogenous phenolate, and benzoate. A clear understanding of the absolute role of the proximal ligand remains elusive.