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71.
EFFECT OF STEPWISE CHANGE OF DRYING RATE ON MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION IN POLYMER FILMS 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Masato Yamamura Takatoshi Nishio Toshihisa Kajiwara Kitaro Adachi 《Drying Technology》2001,19(7):1397-1410
The effect of the drying rate of the solvent on microstructure evolution in thin films of immiscible polystyrene/polycarbonate blends was investigated by applying a stepwise change in air velocity. The polymer blend was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and cast on a glass substrate to form a thin liquid film. The drying rate of the solvent was measured by a gravimetric technique, and the phase-separated structure in the film was observed by optical microscopy. The results indicated that cellular structures of droplet arrays were formed in the phases evolved primarily during the early stage of drying, and the droplets then coalesced in the intermediate stage to form bigger droplets. The size of the first evolved phase decreased with increasing time at a high drying rate, whereas larger droplets were obtained with longer high drying rate regimes. These results suggested that the droplets were induced by secondary phase separation which was strongly affected by the drying rate of the solvent. 相似文献
72.
Masaki T Ishikawa T Paradis PF Yoda S Okada JT Watanabe Y Nanao S Ishikura A Higuchi K Mizuno A Watanabe M Kohara S 《The Review of scientific instruments》2007,78(2):026102
A compact electrostatic levitator was developed for the structural analysis of high-temperature liquids by x-ray diffraction methods. The size of the levitator was 200 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height and can be set up on a two axis diffractometer with a laboratory x-ray source, which is very convenient in performing structural measurements of high-temperature liquids. In particular, since the laboratory x-ray source allows a great amount of user time, preliminary or challenging experiments can be performed with trial and error, which prepares and complements synchrotron x-ray experiments. The present small apparatus also provides the advantage of portability and facility of setting. To demonstrate the capability of this electrostatic levitator, the static structure factors of alumina and silicon samples in their liquid phases were successfully measured. 相似文献
73.
Reinforcement learning (RL) attracts much attention as a technique for realizing computational intelligence such as adaptive
and autonomous decentralized systems. In general, however, it is not easy to put RL to practical use. This difficulty includes
the problem of designing a suitable action space for an agent, i.e., satisfying two requirements in trade-off: (i) to keep
the characteristics (or structure) of an original search space as much as possible in order to seek strategies that lie close
to the optimal, and (ii) to reduce the search space as much as possible in order to expedite the learning process. In order
to design a suitable action space adaptively, in this article, we propose a RL model with switching controllers based on Q-learning
and an actor-critic to mimic the process of an infant’s motor development in which gross motor skills develop before fine
motor skills. Then a method for switching controllers is constructed by introducing and referring to the “entropy.” Further,
through computational experiments by using a path-planning problem with continuous action space, the validity and potential
of the proposed method have been confirmed. 相似文献
74.
Sintering Kinetics at Isothermal Shrinkage: Effect of Specific Surface Area on the Initial Sintering Stage of Fine Zirconia Powder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Koji Matsui Akira Matsumoto Masato Uehara Naoya Enomoto Junichi Hojo 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(1):44-49
The isothermal shrinkage behaviors of fine zirconia powders (containing 2.8–2.9 mol% Y2 O3 ) with specific surface areas of about 6 and 16 m2 /g were investigated to clarify the effect of specific surface area on the initial sintering stage. The shrinkage of powder compact was measured under constant temperatures in the range of 1000°–1100°C. The increase in specific surface area enhanced the densification rate with increasing temperature. The values of activation energy ( Q ) and frequency-factor term (β0 ) of diffusion at initial sintering were estimated by applying the sintering-rate equation to the isothermal shrinkage data. The Q of diffusion changes little but the β0 increases with the increase in specific surface area. It is therefore concluded that the increase in the specific surface area of fine zirconia powder enhances the shrinkage rate because of an increase in the β0 at the initial stage of sintering. 相似文献
75.
A STEM analysis is made of the Mn distribution around grain boundary allotriomorphs of proeutectoid ferrite in an Fe-1.6 at.
Pct C-2.8 at. Pct Mn alloy. Whereas the Mn enriched region is readily observed to extend along the austenite grain boundary,
no substantial build-up or depletion of Mn near the ferrite : austenite interface is detected, consistent with the electron
probe microanalysis previously reported. In the temperature range where the partition-local equilibrium (P-LE) mode has been
proposed to prevail, measured parabolic growth rate constantsfall 1 to 2 orders of magnitude above that predicted from this model, but also below that calculated from the paraequilibrium (PE) model by roughly the same
amount. A modification of the theory of grain boundary diffusion-aided growth of precipitates,i.e., the collector/rejector plate mechanism, on the other hand, accounts fairly well for the observed growth kinetics of ferrite
allotriomorphs. However, only a slightly better accounting than the P-LE model is provided by this mechanism for the temperature
dependence of Mn partition. Data on Ni partition, obtained in an Fe-0.5 at. Pct C-3.1 at. Pct Ni alloy, are also analyzed
with the rejector plate model. 相似文献
76.
Takashi Fujii Masato Nakajima Tsuguo Fukuda Kouichi Nitta Takeshi Komatsubara 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1987,16(4):219-222
Dislocation-free and low dislocation densityn-type conductive GaAs crystals, 50 mm in diameter, were grown by the In and Si co-doping LEC technique. Two-dimensional LED
arrays were fabricated on substrates obtained from these crystals by the MOCVD technique and the influence of the In doping
on the LED characteristics was examined. The light output power of LEDs fabricated on co-doped substrate with an In concentration
of 1 ×1020atoms/cm3 are low and are non-uniformly distributed, as compared with the boat-grown substrate, even though the co-doped substrate
is dislocation-free. However, the LED properties of a substrate with an In concentration of 2 × 1018atoms/cm3 are the same as those of a boat-grown substrate. The light output power of the LEDs becomes higher as the In concentration
in the substrate decreased. 相似文献
77.
Takatoshi Shindo Hideki Motoyama Toru Miki Mikihisa Saito Akiyori Matsueda Noriyasu Honma Tomohito Hida Kazuo Shinjo Kiyotaka Hayashi Hayato Awazu Katsuhisa Makabe Masato Fujikawa Satoshi Kurihara Masashi Sato 《IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering》2016,11(Z2):S28-S33
Nine electric power companies in Japan have been collecting lightning data with lightning location systems. Five years of the lightning data (2009–2013) are summarized and analyzed in this paper. The recent annual number of lightning flashes of which the current is more than 10 kA in Japan is around 1 million. The variations of lightning occurrence characteristics by areas, seasons, and so on, are clarified. Meteorological conditions that may affect lightning occurrence are also discussed. Furthermore, we show that there is a clear correlation between the number of lightning strikes and the outage rate of transmission lines. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
78.
Takeshi Takahashi Kyosuke Kojima Wei Zhang Kanae Sasaki Masaru Ito Hironori Suzuki Masato Kawasaki Soichi Wakatsuki Terunao Takahara Hideki Shibata Masatoshi Maki 《International journal of molecular sciences》2015,16(2):3677-3699
ALG-2, a 22-kDa penta-EF-hand protein, is involved in cell death, signal transduction, membrane trafficking, etc., by interacting with various proteins in mammalian cells in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Most known ALG-2-interacting proteins contain proline-rich regions in which either PPYPXnYP (type 1 motif) or PXPGF (type 2 motif) is commonly found. Previous X-ray crystal structural analysis of the complex between ALG-2 and an ALIX peptide revealed that the peptide binds to the two hydrophobic pockets. In the present study, we resolved the crystal structure of the complex between ALG-2 and a peptide of Sec31A (outer shell component of coat complex II, COPII; containing the type 2 motif) and found that the peptide binds to the third hydrophobic pocket (Pocket 3). While amino acid substitution of Phe85, a Pocket 3 residue, with Ala abrogated the interaction with Sec31A, it did not affect the interaction with ALIX. On the other hand, amino acid substitution of Tyr180, a Pocket 1 residue, with Ala caused loss of binding to ALIX, but maintained binding to Sec31A. We conclude that ALG-2 recognizes two types of motifs at different hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, based on the results of serial mutational analysis of the ALG-2-binding sites in Sec31A, the type 2 motif was newly defined. 相似文献
79.
Summary The ring-opening polymerization of deoxophostone 5, a five-membered cyclic phosphinite, has been studied. Some cationic initiators gave polymer whereas anionic and radical initiators as well as metal chloride (Lewis acid) catalysts did not yield polymer. The polymer consisted of a phosphine oxide repeating unit 6. The polymerization proceeded via the Arbuzov-type reaction. The reduction of polymer 6 with a HSiCl3/Et3N system gave polyphosphine 7. 相似文献
80.
Hitoshi Takamura Hiroshi Sugai Masato Watanabe Takehiro Kasahara Atsunori Kamegawa Masuo Okada 《Journal of Electroceramics》2006,17(2-4):741-748
The preparation and oxygen permeation properties of the (Ce0.8Pr0.2)O2−δ − x vol% MnFe2O4 composites, where x = 0 to 35, have been investigated. The samples were prepared by the Pechini method. In the case of Ce0.8Pr0.2O2−δ, an oxygen flux density of 6 μmol⋅cm−2⋅s−1 (L = 0.0247 cm) and the maximum methane conversion of 50% were attained at 1000∘C. Unlike composites consisting of Gd-doped CeO2 and MnFe2O4, the oxygen permeability of the (Ce0.8Pr0.2)O2−δ – x vol% MnFe2O4 composites was almost constant regardless of the volume fraction of MnFe2O4; however, the optimum volume fraction of MnFe2O4 was determined to be 5 to 25 in the context of the chemical and mechanical stabilities under methane conversion atmosphere.
In addition, the surface modification of the (Ce0.8Gd0.2)O2−δ – 15 vol% MnFe2O4 composite was performed by using the FePt nanoparticles. The catalyst loading of 2.8 mg/cm2 on the both side of the 0.3 mm-thick (Ce0.8Gd0.2)O2−δ – 15vol% MnFe2O4 composite increased the oxygen flux density from 0.30 to 0.76 μmol⋅cm−2⋅s−1 in the case of He/air gradients; however, the effect seems to be reduced in the case of high oxygen flux density caused by
a large pO2 gradient. Moreover, the Langmuir-Blodgett film of the FePt nanoparticles were successfully prepared on the tape-cast (Ce0.8Gd0.2)O2−δ – 15vol% MnFe2O4 composite. Hydrophobic treatments for the surface of the composite were crucial to achieve high transfer ratio for the deposition
of the LB film. 相似文献