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21.
Yoichi Shindo Naoya Katagiri Toichi Ebisuno Masatoshi Hasegawa Miyuki Mitsuda 《大分子材料与工程》1996,240(1):231-239
Poly (vinyl alcohol) with pendent styrylpyridinium groups (SbQ) is insolubilized by photoirradiation. An association takes place in SbQ groups. The association of polymer chains becomes marked with increasing the number of SbQ groups. Mainly intermolecular crosslinks were formed. Transparent and homogeneous macrogels consisting of several intermolecular crosslinks are obtained. The proportion of the free water to the bound water in PVA-SbQ gels was 3.3?2.9 despite of the large change in conversion of photodimerization of SbQ groups, x=0.27?0.58. The water uptake after swelling of the gels in water increased 6–27 times compared to the original weight at pH=7. The higher the degree of photocrosslinking, the lower was the degree of swelling. The water diffusion coefficients, D, were (2.2?5.8) × 10?5 cm2 S?1 for a 88% saponified PVA with 1 . 3 mol% SbQ groups. The volume of the gel increased discontinuously about 10-fold for the 99% saponified PVA with 0 . 096 mol% SbQ and 51% water (49% acetone). The acetone concentration at the transition decreased with increasing the degree of saponification of the PVA. 相似文献
22.
Fate of the chlorine and fluorine in a sub-bituminous coal during pyrolysis and gasification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The fate of the chlorine and fluorine present in a sub-bituminous coal from Indonesia during pyrolysis and gasification has been studied with fixed and entrained bed reactors. The rate profile for HCl evolved in the temperature programmed pyrolysis exhibits the main and shoulder peaks at 480 and 600 °C, respectively. Model experiments and subsequent Cl 2p XPS measurements show that HCl reacts with metal impurities and carbon active sites at 500 °C to be retained as inorganic and organic chlorine forms, from which HCl evolves again at elevated temperatures. It is suggested that the HCl observed in the coal pyrolysis may originate from the above-mentioned chlorine functionalities formed by secondary reactions involving the nascent char. In the CO2 gasification of the 900 °C char at 1000 °C and 2.5 MPa, any measurable amounts of HCl and HF could not be detected even at a high conversion of 75 wt% (daf), suggesting the accumulation of these halogens in the residual char. When the coal is injected into an O2-blown, entrained bed gasifier at 1200-1400 °C under 2.6 MPa, the partial oxidation proceeds to a larger extent at a higher O2/coal ratio, whereas the chlorine and fluorine are enriched in the remaining char, and the extent of the enrichment at the latter stage of gasification is larger with the fluorine. The XPS measurements of the chars reveal the presence of the broad F 1 s peak, which can cover a wide range of binding energies attributable to inorganic and organic fluorine. The halogen enrichment during gasification is discussed in terms of secondary reactions of HCl and HF with char. 相似文献
23.
Keiji Kunimatsu Takahiro Senzaki Minoru Tsushima Masatoshi Osawa 《Electrochimica acta》2007,52(18):5715-5724
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on a polycrystalline Pt electrode has been investigated in Ar-purged acids by surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical kinetic analysis (Tafel plot). A vibrational mode characteristic to H atom adsorbed at atop sites (terminal H) was observed at 2080-2095 cm−1. This band appears at 0.1 V (RHE) and grows at more negative potentials in parallel to the increase in hydrogen evolution current. Good signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra enabled us to establish the quantitative relation between the band intensity (equivalently, coverage) of terminal H and the kinetics of HER, from which we conclude that terminal H atom is the reaction intermediate in HER and the recombination of two terminal H atoms is the rate-determining step. The quantitative analysis of the infrared data also revealed that the adsorption of terminal H follows the Frumkin isotherm with repulsive interaction. 相似文献
24.
Tsuyoshi Asakawa Hidefumi Takeda Shigeyoshi Miyagishi Morie Nishida 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1986,63(11):1479-1482
The qualitative and quantitative determination of anionic surfactants (sodium and lithium alkylsulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,
sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium and lithium perfluoroalkylcarboxylate, and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate)
were investigated by a capillary tube isotachophoresis using a potential gradient detector. The leading electrolyte solution
was the mixture of acetonitrile and aqueous solution of histidine buffer containing calcium chloride. The terminating electrolyte
solution was the aqueous solution of sodium octanoate. These electrolytes were effective for the analysis of the mixtures
of strongly acidic surfactants. 相似文献
25.
26.
In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of a semantic smoothing technique to organize folksonomy tags. Folksonomy tags
have no explicit relations and vary because they form uncontrolled vocabulary. We discriminates so-called subjective tags
like “cool” and “fun” from folksonomy tags without any extra knowledge other than folksonomy triples and use the level of
tag generalization to form the objective tags into a hierarchy. We verify that entropy of folksonomy tags is an effective
measure for discriminating subjective folksonomy tags. Our hierarchical tag allocation method guarantees the number of children
nodes and increases the number of available paths to a target node compared to an existing tree allocation method for folksonomy
tags. 相似文献
27.
An interferometric technique for automated profilometry of diffuse objects has been proposed. It is based on the Fourier-fringe analysis of spatiotemporal specklegrams produced by a wavelength-shift interferometer with a laser diode as a frequency-tunable light source. Unlike conventional moiré techniques the proposed technique permits the objects to have discontinuous height steps and/or surfaces spatially isolated from one another. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the validity of the principle. 相似文献
28.
29.
This paper considers a multiobjective linear programming problem involving fuzzy random variable coefficients. A new fuzzy random programming model is proposed by extending the ideas of level set-based optimality and a stochastic programming model. The original problem involving fuzzy random variables is transformed into a deterministic equivalent problem through the proposed model. An interactive algorithm is provided to obtain a satisficing solution for a decision maker from among a set of newly defined Pareto optimal solutions. It is shown that an optimal solution of the problem to be solved iteratively in the interactive algorithm is analytically obtained by a combination of the bisection method and the simplex method. 相似文献
30.
This paper deals with model following control of a model helicopter with three degree-of-freedom. Since the decoupling matrix
is singular, a nonlinear structure algorithm is used to design the controller. Furthermore, since the model dynamics are described
linearly by unknown system parameters, a well-known parameter estimation technique is introduced. The integral type of estimation
model is proposed here since the use of the derivative type of model cannot obtain the desired estimation result. The experimental
results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January
31–February 2, 2008 相似文献