INTERACTIVE FUZZY PROGRAMMING BASED ON FRACTILE CRITERION OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR TWO-LEVEL STOCHASTIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

In this article, we focus on two-level linear programming problems involving random variable coefficients in objective functions and constraints. Following the concept of chance constrained programming, the two-level stochastic linear programming problems are transformed into deterministic ones based on the fractile criterion optimization model. After introducing fuzzy goals for objective functions, interactive fuzzy programming to derive a satisfactory solution for decision makers is presented as a fusion of a stochastic approach and a fuzzy one. An illustrative numerical example is provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Cooling load prediction in a district heating and cooling system through simplified robust filter and multilayered neural network

Cooling load is a heat value of cold water used for air conditioning in a district heating and cooling system. Cooling load prediction in a district heating and cooling system is one of the key techniques for smooth and economical operation. In this article, cooling load prediction in such a district heating and cooling system is considered. Unfortunately, since actual cooling load data usually involve measurement noises, outliers, and missing data for several reasons, a prediction method considering the effect of the outliers and missing data is desirable. In this article, a new prediction method using a simplified robust filter to improve a numerical stability problem of a robust filter and a three-layered neural network, is proposed. Applications of the proposed method and some other methods to actual cooling load data in a district heating and cooling system involving outliers and missing data show the usefulness of the proposed method.     

γ‐Butyrolactone‐processable high‐modulus poly(ester imide)s

γ‐Butyrolactone (GBL)‐processable high modulus heat‐resistant materials were developed in this work. The polyaddition of an ester‐containing tetracarboxylic dianhydride, i.e. hydroquinone bis(trimellitate anhydride) (TAHQ), and 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) in GBL resulted in gelation in the initial reaction stage. The incorporation of a methyl group to TAHQ (M‐TAHQ) allowed polymerization with TFMB in GBL and led to a homogeneous poly(ester imide) (PEsI) precursor solution with a short pot life of 3 days, whereas a simple copolymerization approach using bulky/flexible comonomers to TAHQ/TFMB was less effective. PEsI precursors (PEsAAs) were prepared from TFMB, M‐TAHQ and a minor fraction of 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) or a fluorene‐containing tetracarboxylic dianhydride. These PEsAA systems showed drastically improved GBL solution stability. In particular, the M‐TAHQ(80);6FDA(20)/TFMB copolymer system provided a PEsAA film with a very high light transmittance at 365 nm (>70%). A photosensitive film composed of this matrix resin and diazonaphthoquinone provided a clear positive‐tone pattern by development in a 2.38 wt% tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution at room temperature with a high dissolution contrast. The thermally cured PEsI film achieved a very high tensile modulus (>5 GPa) as the present target with other desirable properties, i.e. sufficient film flexibility, a relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion, a high T_g and low water absorption. The present materials can be promising candidates as novel buffer coat films in semiconductor applications. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of Y‐branch joint for 275‐kV XLPE and fluid‐filled cable

When a new UHV substation is built in an urban region, generally, an existing underground transmission line will be diverted and drawn into the new substation. Compared with the latter construction method, enormous cost reduction of switching facilities and cable construction is expected when applying a Y‐branch joint (YJ) which is able to serve as a three‐way joint. The YJ has already been applied for 154‐kV‐class circuit, but it has not been investigated for 275‐kV‐class circuit. Since both XLPE and oil‐filled cable are presently used in 275‐kV‐class underground cable line, a universal design YJ for both cables has been investigated. The YJ was applied in a compact design which was based on our sophisticated electrical stress control technology for 500‐kV prefabricated‐type joint. Furthermore, the design was based on its prefabricated assembling technology. The YJ was verified as to its electrical and mechanical performance as 275‐kV cable joint by completion of its assembling test and a long‐term electrical test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 18–24, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20514     

Electrical Properties of 1.7-MeV-Electron-Irradiated Sulfur-Doped GaP

The electrical properties of 1.7-MeV-electron-irradiated sulfur (S)-doped GaP were studied by using Hall effect and resistivity measurements. It was found that the concentration of S donors decreased and the deep acceptors were introduced by 1.7-MeV electron irradiation. The decrease of the concentration of S donors could be understood by considering the formation of a complex center of radiation-produced defects with S. A complex center acted as a deep acceptor and recovered in the stage centered at 150°C anneal. The introduction rate of this center was ~2.1 cm-1. From the isothermal annealing experiments, it was found that the recovery for this center approximately obeyed first-order kinetics and its activation energy was ~1.7 eV. Furthermore, another complex center involving S, which was a non-compensating defect in n-type GaP, was introduced. This center was seemed to be a deep donor.     

Chitosan and marine phospholipids reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity in myeloma SP2 tumor‐bearing mice

An animal experiment was conducted to assess the antitumor effects of chitosan‐coated liposomes on myeloma SP2. The animal experimental groups designed for myeloma SP2 tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice were provided with five different drinks: (I) control (double‐distilled water); (II) squid phospholipid liposomes alone 1.0 mg/mL; (III) chitosan alone 5.0 mg/mL; (IV) squid phospholipid liposomes 1.0 mg/mL with chitosan 5.0 mg/mL in the form of a simple mixture; and (V) squid phospholipid liposomes 1.0 mg/mL coated with chitosan 5.0 mg/mL. At 20 days after implantation of the myeloma SP2 cells into mice, oral administration of the experimental drinks was provided for 35 days. There was significant suppression of tumor growth when chitosan and squid phospholipids were administered simultaneously in a simple mixture or as chitosan‐coated liposomes. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 activity was significantly less in the serum of mice that consumed chitosan‐coated liposomes than in control mice. We found that decreased tumor burden was related to MMP secretion. Therefore, chitosan‐coated marine phospholipid liposomes might be useful as potential agents for the treatment of myeloma SP2.     

Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.

We present here new evidence of cross-cultural agreement in the judgment of facial expression. Subjects in 10 cultures performed a more complex judgment task than has been used in previous cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the intensity of each emotion. Agreement was very high across cultures about which emotion was the most intense. The 10 cultures also agreed about the second most intense emotion signaled by an expression and about the relative intensity among expressions of the same emotion. However, cultural differences were found in judgments of the absolute level of emotional intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrolytic removal of ammonia from brine wastewater: scale‐up,operation and pilot‐scale evaluation

Brine wastewater with a high ammonia content from an iodine processing plant (commonly called kansui in Japan) was treated by electrolysis. The system, which can be considered as an indirect electrolytic treatment process, generates chlorine at the anodes and initiates the formation of mixed oxidants like hypochlorous acid. The oxidants then act as agents for ammonia destruction. Laboratory‐scale experiments showed that high ammonia concentrations (as much as 200 mg dm^?3) could be completely removed within a few minutes, and could be considered a good alternative for efficient ammonia removal from saline wastewaters. From laboratory‐scale experiments in the batch and continuous modes, the charge dose was analyzed and used as the operating and scale‐up factor. The value of the charge dose was not severely affected by changes in operating conditions such as electrode spacing and temperature. The charge dose from batch and continuous runs was found to be in the range of 23 C (mg NH₄‐N removed)^?1 to 29 C (mg NH₄‐N removed)^?1. Using the charge dose obtained from laboratory‐scale continuous electrolysis experiments as the scale‐up factor, a pilot‐scale reactor was designed, and the operating conditions were calculated. In the pilot‐scale reactor tests at different flow rates, the effluent ammonia concentrations were reasonably close to the calculated values predicted from the charge dose equation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Structural Analysis of the Complex between Penta-EF-Hand ALG-2 Protein and Sec31A Peptide Reveals a Novel Target Recognition Mechanism of ALG-2

ALG-2, a 22-kDa penta-EF-hand protein, is involved in cell death, signal transduction, membrane trafficking, etc., by interacting with various proteins in mammalian cells in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Most known ALG-2-interacting proteins contain proline-rich regions in which either PPYPXnYP (type 1 motif) or PXPGF (type 2 motif) is commonly found. Previous X-ray crystal structural analysis of the complex between ALG-2 and an ALIX peptide revealed that the peptide binds to the two hydrophobic pockets. In the present study, we resolved the crystal structure of the complex between ALG-2 and a peptide of Sec31A (outer shell component of coat complex II, COPII; containing the type 2 motif) and found that the peptide binds to the third hydrophobic pocket (Pocket 3). While amino acid substitution of Phe⁸⁵, a Pocket 3 residue, with Ala abrogated the interaction with Sec31A, it did not affect the interaction with ALIX. On the other hand, amino acid substitution of Tyr¹⁸⁰, a Pocket 1 residue, with Ala caused loss of binding to ALIX, but maintained binding to Sec31A. We conclude that ALG-2 recognizes two types of motifs at different hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, based on the results of serial mutational analysis of the ALG-2-binding sites in Sec31A, the type 2 motif was newly defined.