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Matthias Eng Rasmus Jonsson Anders Rasmuson 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2016,62(1):338-348
Local and temporal variations of the particle cloud formed in a cylindrical mixing vessel were investigated experimentally. Different particle sizes (0.5, 1, and 2 mm) and volumetric concentration up to 20 vol % were evaluated at different impeller speeds. The time‐averaged cloud height was linear with impeller frequency and with volume concentration. Suspensions with larger particles had a lower average cloud height, while the standard deviation for the temporal cloud height variation was larger. Two strong periodic phenomena were identified to be dominating the particle cloud height variations. The frequencies were linear with impeller speed, resulting in dimensionless frequencies of S1=0.02–0.03 and S2=0.05–0.06. The frequencies were affected by neither the particle size nor the volumetric concentration. The amplitude showed no dependency on the particle size, but the S2 amplitude significantly decreases and S1 increases with increasing solid concentration. The results were compared to LES/discrete element method simulations and showed a fair agreement. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 338–348, 2016 相似文献
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Yichi Zhang Julia Glaum Matthias C. Ehmke Keith J. Bowman John E. Blendell Mark J. Hoffman 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2016,99(4):1287-1293
(Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O3 lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics have been considered to be one of the most potential lead‐free alternatives for PZT in the room‐temperature range. The stability of the piezoelectric performance during unipolar cycling is investigated in this study. It is found that the unipolar fatigue behavior is similar to soft PZT. Developments of bias field, offset polarization, asymmetry in strain, and dielectric hysteresis loops are observed during bipolar measurements. The changes are mainly contributed to the migration of charge carriers to the grain boundaries driven by the unscreened depolarization field. Redistribution of the accumulated charge carriers by bipolar electric cycling or thermal annealing can significantly recover the unipolar fatigued state. The unipolar strain response stabilized after 1000 cycles at 0.053% for an electric field of 0.6 kV/mm (d33*= 883 pm/V), which is a good characteristic for actuator applications. 相似文献
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Matthias F. Groh Alexander Wolff Matthias A. Grasser Michael Ruck 《International journal of molecular sciences》2016,17(9)
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be valuable reaction media for the synthesis of inorganic materials among an abundance of other applications in different fields of chemistry. Up to now, the syntheses have remained mostly “black boxes”; and researchers have to resort to trial-and-error in order to establish a new synthetic route to a specific compound. This review comprises decisive reaction parameters and techniques for the directed synthesis of polyions of heavy main-group elements (fourth period and beyond) in ILs. Several families of compounds are presented ranging from polyhalides over carbonyl complexes and selenidostannates to homo and heteropolycations. 相似文献
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本文采用大涡模拟(LES)的方法研究了在基于外壳直径的雷诺数为9.36×105条件下5叶片的轴流式风扇的流动特性,并且着重分析了叶尖泄漏的流动现象。本文使用了基于有限体积法和分层笛卡尔网格的可压流求解器进行数值计算,并应用了体积守恒的切割网格方法处理风扇几何结构的浸入式边界。同时开发了用于笛卡尔网格的旋转周期性边界条件,这样只需分析由2.5亿网格构造的包含一片叶片的72°区域。该研究首先对网格质量进行了分析,之后讨论了瞬态和时均流场的特性,并与使用RANS的5叶片模拟结果进行了对比。RANS和LES模拟结果的主要不同之处体现在叶尖泄漏涡尾流中的湍流动能。本文进而研究了叶尖间隙对叶尖泄漏涡的影响。研究表明,间隙的大小会影响叶尖泄漏涡的大小形状。此外,间隙中更多的分离现象和反向旋转涡会导致较低的湍流动能。 相似文献
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Wolfram Witte Daniel Abou‐Ras Karsten Albe Gottfried H. Bauer Frank Bertram Christian Boit Rudolf Brüggemann Jürgen Christen Jens Dietrich Axel Eicke Dimitrios Hariskos Matthias Maiberg Roland Mainz Max Meessen Mathias Müller Oliver Neumann Thomas Orgis Stefan Paetel Johan Pohl Humberto Rodriguez‐Alvarez Roland Scheer Hans‐Werner Schock Thomas Unold Alfons Weber Michael Powalla 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(6):717-733
The gallium gradient in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) layers, which forms during the two industrially relevant deposition routes, the sequential and co‐evaporation processes, plays a key role in the device performance of CIGS thin‐film modules. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive study on the formation, nature, and consequences of gallium gradients in CIGS solar cells. The formation of gallium gradients is analyzed in real time during a rapid selenization process by in situ X‐ray measurements. In addition, the gallium grading of a CIGS layer grown with an in‐line co‐evaporation process is analyzed by means of depth profiling with mass spectrometry. This gallium gradient of a real solar cell served as input data for device simulations. Depth‐dependent occurrence of lateral inhomogeneities on the µm scale in CIGS deposited by the co‐evaporation process was investigated by highly spatially resolved luminescence measurements on etched CIGS samples, which revealed a dependence of the optical bandgap, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting, transition levels, and the vertical gallium gradient. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of CIGS cross‐sections point to a difference in gallium content in the near surface region of neighboring grains. Migration barriers for a copper‐vacancy‐mediated indium and gallium diffusion in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 were calculated using density functional theory. The migration barrier for the InCu antisite in CuGaSe2 is significantly lower compared with the GaCu antisite in CuInSe2, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed Ga gradients in CIGS layers grown by co‐evaporation and selenization processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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