Polychromatic Dyeing

The history and development of the ICI polychromatic dyeing process are outlineed The basic mechanics of the process and the applicator and its essential principles are described. The factors governing the control and reproduction of patterns are described, together with dye-fixation procedures. Reference is made to several important applications of this coloration technique, which is also compared with conventional pad-dyeing and textile-printing methods.     

An embedding approach for the design of state‐feedback tracking controllers for references with jumps

We study the problem of designing state‐feedback controllers to track time‐varying state trajectories that may exhibit jumps. Both plants and controllers considered are modeled as hybrid dynamical systems, which are systems with both continuous and discrete dynamics, given in terms of a flow set, a flow map, a jump set, and a jump map. Using recently developed tools for the study of stability in hybrid systems, we recast the tracking problem as the task of asymptotically stabilizing a set, the tracking set, and derive conditions for the design of state‐feedback tracking controllers with the property that the jump times of the plant coincide with those of the given reference trajectories. The resulting tracking controllers guarantee that solutions of the plant starting close to the reference trajectory stay close to it and that the difference between each solution of the controlled plant and the reference trajectory converges to zero asymptotically. Constructive conditions for tracking control design in terms of LMIs are proposed for a class of hybrid systems with linear maps and input‐triggered jumps. The results are illustrated by various examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of chitosan characteristics on coagulation and flocculation of organic suspensions

Several samples of chitosan with different degrees of deacetylation and of different molecular weights were tested for the coagulation–flocculation of organic suspensions. Organic suspensions were prepared by mixing mushroom powder with tap water. Experiments were carried out at pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9. Because decreasing the pH reduced the amount of chitosan required to reach the required turbidity, at pH 9, a high concentration of chitosan was required to achieve the required treatment levels, whereas the difference was less significant between pH 7 and pH 5 (the required concentration of chitosan was halved). Though viscosity, correlated to the molecular weight of chitosan, affected treatment performance, its influence on the efficiency of coagulation–flocculation could be substantially reduced by slightly increasing the concentration of the polymer. This is of importance in the processing of industrial effluents: the aging of a chitosan solution, which may cause partial depolymerization, and loss of viscosity, will have a limited impact on process efficiency. The degree of deacetylation also has a limited effect on treatment performance, especially when the degree of deacetylation exceeds 90%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2070–2079, 2005     

The Effect of Sulfur Segregation on the Adherence of the Thermally-Grown Oxide on NiAl—I: Sulfur Segregation on the Metallic Surface of NiAl(001) Single-Crystals and at NiAl(001)/Al2O3 Interfaces

The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of the deleterious effect of sulfur impurities on the adherence of the thermally-grown oxide on the boundary layer in thermal-barrier-coating systems. In Part I, the sulfur segregation on the free surface of NiAl(001) and at different interfaces between metal and transient alumina scales has been characterized by AES, XPS and LEED. The sulfur diffusion coefficient in the alloy has been determined (D = 0.15 exp(–218,000/RT) cm²/s). It is by three orders of magnitude larger than the nickel and aluminum self-diffusion coefficients. It has also been observed that the sulfur de-segregates upon Al enrichment of the metallic surface. The saturation of the metallic surface with an amorphous alumina layer formed at room temperature blocks the segregation of S. However, in the initial stages of oxidation where the transient -alumina grows by cationic transport and inject vacancies at the interface, S segregates at the interface between the alumina thin films and the metallic substrate.     

The damping performance of aluminum-based composites

Metal-matrix composites may offer better damping properties than unreinforced alloys. Because damping properties (and metal-matrix composites) are becoming important in airframe design, the damping capabilities of a number of aluminum-matrix composites were measured over a wide range of frequencies at low strain amplitudes, using a new laser vibrometer technique. Silicon carbide and alumina reinforcements resulted in a material with damping properties similar to that of unreinforced aluminum 6061-T6, but unidirectional and planar-random graphite continuous-fiber reinforcements increased the damping by 5 and 14 times, respectively. The increased damping of the continuous fiber composites is attributed to the absence of interfacial reaction resulting from the high-pressure infiltration method used for their manufacture.     

NH_3 Plasma Surface Treatments of Engineering Fluoropolymers: A Way to Enhance Adhesion of Ni or Cu Thin Films Deposited by Electroless Plating

FLUOROPOLYMERS(FPs)are thermoplasticmaterials which exhibit a number of unique chemicaland physical characteristics that no other man-madeplastic product gets together.For example,FPs showvery good resistance to almost all chemicals,excellentwater vapor barrier properties,high thermal stability,outstanding electrical insulation properties(lowdielectric constant and dissipation factors),extremelylow frictional coefficient giving them high auto-lubrication properties,high resistance to rad…     

Towards high accuracy calibration of electron backscatter diffraction systems

For precise orientation and strain measurements, advanced Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) techniques require both accurate calibration and reproducible measurement of the system geometry. In many cases the pattern centre (PC) needs to be determined to sub-pixel accuracy. The mechanical insertion/retraction, through the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) chamber wall, of the electron sensitive part of modern EBSD detectors also causes alignment and positioning problems and requires frequent monitoring of the PC. Optical alignment and lens distortion issues within the scintillator, lens and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera combination of an EBSD detector need accurate measurement for each individual EBSD system.This paper highlights and quantifies these issues and demonstrates the determination of the pattern centre using a novel shadow-casting technique with a precision of ∼10 μm or ∼1/3 CCD pixel.     

Ultraviolet photodetectors and readout based on a-IGZO semiconductor technology

In this work, real-time ultraviolet photodetectors are realized through metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structures. Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) is used as semiconductor material and gold as metal electrodes. The readout of an individual sensor is implemented by a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) consisting of an all-enhancement a-IGZO thin-film transistor (TFT) operational amplifier and a switched capacitor (SC) as feedback resistance. The photosensor and the transimpedance amplifier are both manufactured on glass substrates. The measured photosensor possesses a high responsivity R , a low response time t _{R E S} , and a good noise equivalent power value NEP .     

Visualization of myocardial perfusion derived from coronary anatomy

Visually assessing the effect of the coronary artery anatomy on the perfusion of the heart muscle in patients with coronary artery disease remains a challenging task. We explore the feasibility of visualizing this effect on perfusion using a numerical approach. We perform a computational simulation of the way blood is perfused throughout the myocardium purely based on information from a three-dimensional anatomical tomographic scan. The results are subsequently visualized using both three-dimensional visualizations and bull's eye plots, partially inspired by approaches currently common in medical practice. Our approach results in a comprehensive visualization of the coronary anatomy that compares well to visualizations commonly used for other scanning technologies. We demonstrate techniques giving detailed insight in blood supply, coronary territories and feeding coronary arteries of a selected region. We demonstrate the advantages of our approach through visualizations that show information which commonly cannot be directly observed in scanning data, such as a separate visualization of the supply from each coronary artery. We thus show that the results of a computational simulation can be effectively visualized and facilitate visually correlating these results to for example perfusion data.