比例·韵律·形体——比萨奇迹广场建筑群与洗礼堂的构成分析

许多现代建筑的先驱者都曾特别关注比萨奇迹广场建筑群,由于它完美协调了各单体建筑之间,单体建筑与整体群组之间的比例关系,奇迹广场一直作为一个重要的实例被反复提及。在对这些思想进行简要回顾后,文章着重介绍了协调主教堂与洗礼堂建筑关系的模数系统,同时更进一步分析了洗礼堂建筑各个体块与构韵律之间微妙的组合关系。对洗礼堂建筑构成方法的分析,充分显示了建筑既符合西方中世纪建筑的和谱准则,又符合外表相似且带有复杂立面部件的建筑之间比例协调的原则。     

DNA barcoding as a new tool for food traceability

Food safety and quality are nowadays a major concern. Any case of food alteration, especially when reported by the media, has a great impact on public opinion. There is an increasing demand for the improvement of quality controls, hence addressing scientific research towards the development of reliable molecular tools for food analysis. DNA barcoding is a widely used molecular-based system, which can identify biological specimens, and is used for the identification of both raw materials and processed food. In this review the results of several researches are critically analyzed, in order to exploit the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in food traceability, and to delineate some best practices in the application of DNA barcoding throughout the industrial pipeline. The use of DNA barcoding for food safety and in the identification of commercial fraud is also discussed.     

Modelling and predicting the effect of social distancing and travel restrictions on COVID-19 spreading

To date, the only effective means to respond to the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic are non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), which entail policies to reduce social activity and mobility restrictions. Quantifying their effect is difficult, but it is key to reducing their social and economic consequences. Here, we introduce a meta-population model based on temporal networks, calibrated on the COVID-19 outbreak data in Italy and applied to evaluate the outcomes of these two types of NPIs. Our approach combines the advantages of granular spatial modelling of meta-population models with the ability to realistically describe social contacts via activity-driven networks. We focus on disentangling the impact of these two different types of NPIs: those aiming at reducing individuals’ social activity, for instance through lockdowns, and those that enforce mobility restrictions. We provide a valuable framework to assess the effectiveness of different NPIs, varying with respect to their timing and severity. Results suggest that the effects of mobility restrictions largely depend on the possibility of implementing timely NPIs in the early phases of the outbreak, whereas activity reduction policies should be prioritized afterwards.     

The long and winding road to inhaled TB therapy: not only the bug’s fault

Not all of the issues impacting the success of tuberculosis (TB) treatment arise from pathogen-related disease characteristics. Nowadays, there is an increasing awareness that antibiotic treatment is not the only answer to the TB problem, promoting the search for alternative administration strategies and host-directed therapies. Among all the administration routes, being the lungs the main TB focus, inhalation is conceptually a logical solution to enhance treatment effectiveness and compliance. Nevertheless, research efforts and funding are almost entirely conveyed to conventional approaches. This review will critically evaluate the reasons constraining research in this field, providing some future perspectives. The most recent advances in inhalation approaches for TB will be discussed, either at the preclinical or clinical phase, illustrating the risk of failure and chances of success.     

Non-dioxin-like PCBs: a survey on fishery and aquaculture from the Mediterranean area

A sampling campaign from 21 sites in Italy was conducted: 15 species from fishery and three species from aquaculture, for a total of 40 determinations, were considered. A careful sample preparation preceded the instrumental analysis that was carried out by means of GC–ECD and GC–MS. Good laboratory practice was achieved by the participation in proficiency tests, by the use of certified reference materials and by applying other directives recommended by international organisations. Concentrations measured in this work were compared with a TDI proposed by some international bodies: for a person weighing 70 kg one-third of the samples from fishery, when consumed, lead to exceed this TDI if the average fish daily consumption per capita is considered. Based on the data obtained here some hypotheses on environmental spreading and influence of PCBs on human health are made. Some suggestions about the preparation of fish for consumption are also given.