Study of MW-scale biogas-fed SOFC-WGS-TSA-PEMFC hybrid power technology as distributed energy system: Thermodynamic,exergetic and thermo-economic evaluation

Advanced biogas power generation technology has been attracting attentions, which contributes to the waste disposal and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. This work proposes and models a novel biogas-fed hybrid power generation system consisting of solid oxide fuel cell, water gas shift reaction, thermal swing adsorption and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (SOFC-WGS-TSA-PEMFC). The thermodynamic, exergetic, and thermo-economic analyses of this hybrid system for power generation were conducted to comprehensively evaluate its performance. It was found that the novel biogas-fed hybrid system has a gross energy conversion efficiency of 68.63% and exergy efficiency of 65.36%, indicating high efficiency for this kind of hybrid power technology. The market sensitivity analysis showed that the hybrid system also has a low sensitivity to market price fluctuation. Under the current subsidy level for the distributed biogas power plant, the levelized cost of energy can be lowered to 0.02942 $/kWh for a 1 MW scale system. Accordingly, the payback period and annual return on investment can reach 1.4 year and about 20%, respectively. These results reveal that the proposed hybrid system is promising and economically feasible as a distributed power plant, especially for the small power scale (no more than 2 MW).     

多元合金化大断面球墨铸铁组织和性能的分析

为了提升大断面球墨铸铁综合力学性能，通过复合添加微量合金元素铜、锑、锡、钼对大断面球墨铸铁进行微合金化处理，借助金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及力学性能测试等手段，研究了Cu Sb Sn Mo复合微合金化大断面球墨铸铁微观组织和力学性能。结果表明，试验球墨铸铁具有良好的综合力学性能。大断面球墨铸铁中添加铜、锑、锡、钼后优化了材料的组织结构，基体组织为珠光体＋少量牛眼状铁素体；试样石墨组织细小、圆整，分布均匀。同时，合金元素的复合加入使得其抗拉强度达到800 MPa以上，硬度约为280HB，伸长率达到5%以上。拉伸断口分析表明，微合金化大断面球墨铸铁断裂模式以解理断裂为主，伴有少量的塑性变形。     

A facile method for preparation of PGS@ZB‐N and gas‐sol alternating synergistic effect for fire resistance of EVA

Through the simple precipitation of palygorskite (PGS) by zinc borate (ZB) (to make PGS@ZB) and the decoration of PGS@ZB by dodecylamine (N), a novel organic‐inorganic@inorganic hybrid flame retardant of PGS@ZB‐N was prepared and was incorporated with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) to improve its flame retardance. The structure and morphology of PGS@ZB‐N were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and it was confirmed that the PGS@ZB‐N hybrid had been successfully prepared. The flame retardancy and burning behavior of EVA/PGS@ZB‐N/EG (EG = expandable graphite) composite were studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 (by the vertical burning test), and cone calorimeter test (CCT) characterizations. The prepared EVA/PGS@ZB‐N/EG composite obtained an LOI value of 41.2% with the addition of 30 wt% PGS@ZB‐N/EG. It was found that EVA/PGS@ZB‐N/EG was protected through a gas phase and condensed phase alternating synergistic effect mechanism.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Pr0.6-xNdxCa0.4FeO3-δ with Pechini Method

Pr0.6-x NdxCa0.4 FeO3-δ （ x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6） were synthesized using Pechini method. A number of studies were conducted concerning composition, specific area, crystalline structure and microstructure of the samples by means of FT-IR, BET, XRD TG-DTA and SEM. The results show that all the samples with different doping amounts of Pr^3＋ and Nd^3＋ on A-site are fine dispersed, and mean particle size less than 100 nm. The powders have good sinterability, and the relative density is 95% after sintered at 1200 ℃ for 2 h. It is found that all specimens are entirely single phase solid solutions with orthorhombic perovskite structure, the stable perovskitetype phase is formed completely after calcination at 900 ℃.     

感知与真实——2006大屏幕电视机产业焦点1080p和微显技术

通常，价值是感觉的一个重要指标，举个例子，很多人都愿意为一顿在别具特色餐厅中进行的牛扒午餐而挥洒不菲的金钱，这帮高素质的人都不会去关心这块与其它地方同样的牛扒是否真值那么多钱。     

稀土在激光熔覆镍基自熔合金中的作用

采用CO2激光器在低碳钢表面进行激光熔覆处理,研究了稀土氧化物在激光熔覆Ni45自熔合金层中的作用.结果表明,加入适量稀土的熔覆合金层组织得到细化,其在还原酸中的耐蚀性和抗高温氧化能力较不加稀土镍基合金熔覆层都有较大提高,更远高于低碳钢.可见,稀土变质的激光熔覆处理对提高低碳钢性能具有重要指导意义.     

掌握油气生产发展规律 提高自动化应用水平

油气生产的自动化过程控制是转变生产方式,发展油气生产依靠的主要科学技术之一.结合油气生产发展的特征,全面总结了中国石油近几年自动化技术应用取得的成绩,针对不同的生产特征,确定了自动化控制系统的不同功能和构成特点,提出了自动化系统应用中存在的问题和发展方向.     

炼油厂全流程优化建模方法研究

为了克服使用线性规划和单处理单元非线性规划进行生产优化的内在缺点，在建立原油单元、催化裂化、催化重整和汽油调合等4个重要处理单元详细模型的基础上，将单处理单元非线性过程模型集成到一个全流程优化非线性模型中。优化的目标函数是使炼油厂全厂利润最大。决策变量是那些显著影响全厂效益的变量，约束条件是单个处理单元约束条件的集合。对某炼油厂进行实例研究，结果表明该全流程模型能有效处理全厂优化问题，所得利润在线性规划的基础上提高4．5％。     

基于PC机群的大地电磁Occam反演并行计算研究

Occam反演以其稳定收敛和不依赖于初始模型的特性被广泛应用于大地电磁数据的处理，但偏导数矩阵的计算和拉格朗日乘子的求取导致大量的模型正演，使得反演速度较低。为此，研究了用基于PC机群的并行计算来解决这一问题的方法。首先对Occam反演方法进行了阐述；然后，分析了反演方法中各计算耗费的时间，提出对约占计算量90％的偏导数和拉格朗日乘子进行并行计算的思想，即偏导数计算采用频点计算一级的大粒度并行，拉格朗日乘子扫描和一维搜索分别采用弘值计算一级的大粒度并行和频点计算一级的小粒度并行；给出了并行计算的实现方法，即在PC机群上，利用主一从编程模式实现Occam反演的整体并行计算。在计算中，采用任务组合方式，减少了通信量，较好地实现了负载均衡。在4节点PC机群上，对应于拉格朗日乘子的扫描和一维搜索方式，整体加速比分别达到3．36和2．83。