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91.
Michael Osterman Abhijit Dasgupta 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2007,18(1-3):229-236
The transition from lead (Pb) bearing solder to Pb-free solder has arisen in response to government restrictions on the use
of lead (Pb) by the European Union. As a result, electronic manufacturers have sought a material comparable to the conventional
63Sn37Pb solder that has been traditionally used to assemble electronic hardware. Based on extensive review of various solder
combination, the majority of electronic manufacturers appear to be adopting a tin–silver–copper (SAC) solder as a popular
Pb-free solder replacement. Significant investments have been made by many researchers to characterize the material behavior
and durability of this solder system. While the exact composition of the SAC solder is still in question, it now appears that
the 96.5Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC305) solder is gaining wider acceptance as the favored Pb-free replacement, for surface mount assemblies
that are going to be subjected predominantly to cyclic thermal environments. This paper presents a review of our current understanding
of the life expectancy of Pb-free SAC solder interconnects for electronic hardware. To this end, the paper focuses on material
characterization of SAC solder, as well as its temperature cycling and vibration fatigue reliability. From this review, SAC
solder interconnects are shown to be suitable for providing adequate life expectancies for temperature cycling in electronic
hardware. However, it is clear that there are differences between SAC and the conventional Sn37Pb solder, that need to be
understood in order to design reliable electronic hardware. 相似文献
92.
This is the second of two papers devoted to the issue of measuring the Timoshenko shear stiffness of thin-walled composite beams. In the first paper, the effect of warping on the effective Timoshenko shear stiffness, as measured through bending tests, was studied. The bending test was simulated using finite-element analysis, and the results indicated that the warping effect was minimal. On the other hand, the evidence suggests that transverse flexibility may have a significant influence on the effective Timoshenko shear stiffness, decreasing the effective shear stiffness at shorter test spans. The purpose of the present study is to further investigate this effect and to explore the use of a sandwich theory to predict the measurement error. A higher-order sandwich theory, which captures the transverse strain at concentrated loads and supports, is applied to a commercially available thin-walled composite beam. The results indicate that the sandwich model does capture the decrease in the effective shear stiffness at short spans, and the dependence of the shear stiffness on span-to-depth ratio is similar to that calculated in the first paper, using the finite-element method. 相似文献
93.
Nusslock Robin; Abramson Lyn Y.; Harmon-Jones Eddie; Alloy Lauren B.; Hogan Michael E. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,116(1):105
On the basis of the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory of bipolar disorder, this study examined the relation between occurrence of a BAS activation-relevant life event--goal striving--and onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms. In particular, the authors examined the relation between preparing for and completing final exams (a goal-striving event) and onset of bipolar spectrum episodes and symptoms in college students with bipolar II disorder or cyclothymia (i.e., "soft" bipolar spectrum conditions). One hundred fifty-nine individuals with either a bipolar spectrum disorder (n=68) or no major affective psychopathology (controls; n=91) were further classified on the basis of whether they were college students (i.e., completed final exams). Consistent with the BAS dysregulation theory, preparing for and completing final exams was associated with an increase in hypomanic but not depressive episodes and symptoms in individuals with a soft bipolar spectrum diagnosis. Furthermore, self-reported BAS sensitivity moderated the presence of certain hypomanic symptoms during final exams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
94.
Comments on the article "A house divided? The psychology of red and blue America" by D. C. Seyle and M. L. Newman (see record 2006-11202-001). Seyle and Newman concluded that the red and blue metaphor is inaccurate and proposed a purple America strategy to better convey that the majority of people do not align themselves with political extremes. There is interdisciplinary agreement on this. Although not cited by Seyle and Newman, the findings by Professor Fiorina of Stanford University were reported by the APA Monitor on Psychology in its coverage of the 2005 APA State Leadership Conference (Murray Law, 2005). In contrast to their social psychological analysis, Seyle and Newman were incorrect in concluding that "[a]s psychologists, we are not in a position to change either the elements of the American political system that may spur this conflict or even the decisions made by pundits, politicians, and reporters about the terms they choose to use in political discussion" (p. 579). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
95.
Quirk Stuart W.; Subramanian Lakshmi; Hoerger Michael 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,116(3):624
The socioemotional functioning of schizophrenic and schizotypic individuals is marked by withdrawal, poor organization, and limited emotional displays. Such behavioral tendencies and lack of social enjoyment in schizotypy could be linked to the relative situational demands or role ambiguity inherent in specific social activities. To determine whether high-schizotypy individuals prefer more clearly role-defined social activities (e.g., visiting relatives) to more ambiguous, novel situations (e.g., going alone to a party), the authors gathered reports from 52 high-schizotypy and 60 low-schizotypy individuals on their enjoyment and frequency of engaging in social situations varying in relative situational demand. Parallel reports were obtained from knowledgeable others. Group × Situational Demand interactions revealed the hypothesized pattern of reduced frequency and enjoyment ratings for ambiguous or novel situations by the high-schizotypy participants in both self and others' reports. Groups were more comparable in their reported frequency and enjoyment of less ambiguous situations. Results suggest the importance of situational demands in the socioemotional experience and behavioral withdrawal in schizotypy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
96.
Leonardo Candela Fuat Akal Henri Avancini Donatella Castelli Luigi Fusco Veronica Guidetti Christoph Langguth Andrea Manzi Pasquale Pagano Heiko Schuldt Manuele Simi Michael Springmann Laura Voicu 《International Journal on Digital Libraries》2007,7(1-2):59-80
This paper introduces DILIGENT, a digital library infrastructure built by integrating digital library and Grid technologies and resources. This infrastructure
allows different communities to dynamically build specialised digital libraries capable to support the entire e-Science knowledge
production and consumption life-cycle by using shared computing, storage, content, and application resources. The paper presents
some of the main software services that implement the DILIGENT system. Moreover, it exemplifies the provided features by presenting how the DILIGENT infrastructure is being exploited in supporting the activity of user communities working in the Earth Science Environmental
sector.
This work is partially funded by the European Commission in the context of the DILIGENT project, under the 2nd call of FP6 IST priority. 相似文献
97.
An increasing number of connectionist models have been proposed to explain behavioral deficits in developmental disorders. These simulations motivate serious consideration of the theoretical implications of the claim that a developmental disorder fits within the parameter space of a particular computational model of normal development. The authors examine these issues in depth with respect to a series of new simulations investigating past-tense formation in Williams syndrome. This syndrome and the past-tense domain are highly relevant because both have been used to make strong theoretical claims about the processes underlying normal language acquisition. The authors conclude that computational models have great potential to advance psychologists' understanding of developmental deficits because they focus on the developmental process itself as a pivotal causal factor in producing atypical phenotypic outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
98.
Schmitt Neal; Oswald Fred L.; Kim Brian H.; Gillespie Michael A.; Ramsay Lauren J.; Yoo Tae-Yong 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,88(6):979
The current study investigated the impact of requiring respondents to elaborate on their answers to a biodata measure on mean scores, the validity of the biodata item composites, subgroup mean differences, and correlations with social desirability. Results of this study indicate that elaborated responses result in scores that are much lower than nonelaborated responses to the same items by an independent sample. Despite the lower mean score on elaborated items, it does not appear that elaboration affects the size of the correlation between social desirability and responses to biodata items or that it affects criterion-related validity or subgroup mean differences in a practically significant way. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
99.
The paper deals with a physical model for the calculation of the strip temperature in a hot rolling mill. Beside the heat transfer from the strip to the environment in the different mill sections a sub‐model for the material properties of steel including phase transitions is introduced. For the application in a process automation system an online adaptation of the model to the current state of the mill is indispensable. The adaptation is explained in detail. 相似文献
100.
Drew Michael R.; Yang Cynthia; Ohyama Tatsuya; Balsam Peter D. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,30(3):163
Three experiments investigated the effects of varying the conditioned stimulus (CS) duration between training and extinction. Ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were autoshaped on a fixed CS-unconditioned stimulus (US) interval and extinguished with CS presentations that were longer, shorter, or the same as the training duration. During a subsequent test session, the training CS duration was reintroduced. Results suggest that the cessation of responding during an extinction session is controlled by generalization of excitation between the training and extinction CSs and by the number of nonreinforced CS presentations. Transfer of extinction to the training CS is controlled by the similarity between the extinction and training CSs. Extinction learning is temporally specific. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献