Many rate constants of elementary steps on single crystals have been measured. Their pre-exponential factors can now be compared to those calculated by transition state theory. Such a calculation is presented in this Letter with due attention to microscopic reversibility, standard states, and configurational entropy. 相似文献
High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to evaluate the influence of different variables affecting
the transesterification of rapeseed oil (RSO) with anhydrous ethanol and sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The effect of temperature,
ethanol/RSO molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and time can be interpreted by observing the variations of the reaction medium
composition. HPSEC has made the quantitation of ethyl esters, mono-, di-, and triglycerides and glycerol possible. The best
results for laboratory-scale reactions were obtained at 80°C with a 6:1 molar ratio of EtOH/RSO and 1% of NaOEt by weight
of RSO. 相似文献
Scratch durability of polymer surfaces and coatings is becoming critical for the increasing use of these materials in new applications, replacing other materials with harder surfaces.
Scratch resistance of polymers has been the subject of numerous studies, which have led to specific definitions for plastic deformation characterization and fracture resistance during scratch testing. Viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior during a scratch process have been related to dynamic mechanical properties that can be measured via dynamic nano-indentation testing. Yet, the understanding of the origin of the fracture process of a polymer during scratch remains approximate. Parameters like tip shape and size, scratch velocity and loading rate, applied strain and strain rates, have been considered critical parameters for the fracture process, but no correlation has been clearly established.
The goal of this work is to define and analyze scratch parameters that relate to mechanical properties. The evolution of scratch resistance parameters as a function of temperature and strain rate, compared to the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties obtained from indentation and uniaxial tensile tests over a range of temperature for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) helped in identifying a correlation between the tensile stress–strain behavior and scratch fracture toughness.
This correlation brings a new understanding of the origin of the fracture mechanisms during a scratch process. In particular, it is demonstrated that the characteristic strain applied by the indenter is a most relevant parameter to describe the fracture resistance during a scratch process, independently of the indenter geometry. 相似文献
The role of the C-terminal Leu300 in maintaining thermal stabilityof the neutral protease of Bacillus subtilis was investigated.From model building studies based on the three dimensional structureof thermolysin, the neutral protease of B.thermoproteolyticus,it was conduded that this residue is located in a hydrophobicpocket composed of residues located in the C-terminal and themiddle domain. To test the hypothesis that Leu300, by contributingto a stabilizing interaction between these domains, is importantfor enzyme stability, several neutral protease mutants wereconstructed and characterized. The thermostability of the enzymewas lowered by deleting Leu300 or by replacing this residueby a smaller (Ala), a polar (Asn) or a sterically unfavourable(He) amino acid. Thermostabiity was increased upon replacingLeu300 by Phe. These results are in agreement with model-buildingstudies. The effects on thermostability observed after mutatingthe corresponding Val318 in the thermostable neutral proteaseof B.stearothermophilus were less pronounced. 相似文献
The authors have assessed the response function both experimentally and theoretically for two commercial tomographs: CTI 931/08-12 and CTI 953B with and without interplane septa. Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken using the GEANT package from CERN. Spatial resolution (tomographic and axial) was calculated for line sources at various positions in the field of view. Sensitivity and scatter fraction (SF) were calculated for various source geometries as a function of energy discrimination. A very realistic response function in positron emission tomography (PET) is obtained by Monte Carlo methods, using global parameters to account for unsimulated phenomena such as scintillation light transport inside a detector block and its sharing among the various phototubes. Minor discrepancies remain for sensitivity and SF at high energy thresholds and may probably be explained by introducing the observed dispersion in the energy response for the various crystals within a detector block. 相似文献
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine - The aim of the study is to compare structure tensor imaging (STI) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the sheep heart... 相似文献
Floridi and Taddeo propose a condition of ‘zero semantic commitment’ for solutions to the grounding problem, and a solution to it. I argue briefly that their condition cannot be fulfilled, not even by their own solution. After a look at Luc Steel's very different competing suggestion, I suggest that we need to re-think what the problem is and what role the ‘goals’ in a system play in formulating the problem. On the basis of a proper (syntactic) understanding of computing, I come to the conclusion that the only sensible grounding problem is how we can explain and re-produce the behavioural ability and function of meaning in artificial computational agents. 相似文献