Tunnel vision? Brunel's Thames Tunnel and project narratives

Looking at historical projects has much to offer our understanding of project management, for both research and practice. However, there are important challenges in how alternative narratives about such projects are reconstructed and related to each other. To explore these challenges, this paper uses the example of the Thames Tunnel project, completed under the direction of Marc Brunel in 1843, and reputed to be the first tunnel to be built under a major river. In telling the story of the project, we focus on five alternative discourses: technico-rational; practice; networks of people, things, and ideas; politics; and society. The common response to such variety is either to attempt to construct an overarching meta-narrative, or to explore the differences as a way of highlighting the localized and contingent nature of knowledge about projects, or adopt some intermediate position somewhere on the spectrum between these two extremes. Instead we seek a different route grounded in a sociology of knowledge that acknowledges simultaneous, provisional, and contested processes of division and stabilization in the ways that epistemic communities constitute knowledge through their own narratives and practices. These have implications for the stories that are told about project management and, crucially, the activities and interests that both shape and are shaped by such narratives.     

Crystallographic Structure and Ferroelectricity of (AxLa1−x)2Ti2O7 (A = Sm and Eu) Solid Solutions with High Tc

The solubility and ferroelectric properties of (A_xLa_1?x)₂Ti₂O₇ (A = Sm and Eu) solid solutions were investigated. The crystallographic structure of the solid solutions was studied using X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The solubility limits of Eu and Sm in (A_xLa_1?x) ₂Ti₂O₇ were found to be greater than x = 0.5 and 0.8, respectively. The solid solutions had a monoclinic perovskite‐like layered structure (PLS), similar to that of the pure La₂Ti₂O₇, when x was less than the solubility limit. When x was above the solubility limit the materials were biphase. The biphases of (Sm_xLa_1?x)Ti₂O₇ (x = 0.9) consisted of (Sm_xLa_1?x)₂Ti₂O₇ with PLS and pure Sm₂Ti₂O₇ with pyrochlore structure, and the biphases of (Eu_xLa_1?x)Ti₂O₇ (x = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) consisted of (Eu_xLa_1?x)₂Ti₂O₇ with PLS structure and La³⁺ doped Eu₂Ti₂O₇ with pyrochlore structure. The effect of A‐site substitution on the properties of La₂Ti₂O₇ was investigated by measuring the dielectric permittivity and loss at different frequencies and temperatures. The highest piezoelectric constant d₃₃ was 2.8 pC/N for (Sm_0.1La_0.9)Ti₂O₇.     

New breathable films using a thermoplastic cross‐linked starch as a porogen

Breathable films, which find in variety of product applications, are conventionally made using mineral porogens such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). This article addresses a novel biodegradable and highly breathable film without inorganic porogens. Unexpectedly, a thermoplastic cross‐linked natural polymer (corn starch) was used successfully to create tortuous passages for film breathability. This concept was demonstrated using two types of thermoplastic cross‐linked corn starches as porogens and contrasted to control samples: native corn and chemically cross‐linked starches, respectively. The films discussed had increased breathability and mechanical properties relative to the control samples. The film morphology reveals that filler was irregular when thermoplastic starch or CaCO₃ was used. The difference in filler from chemically modified cross‐linked starch and thermoplastic cross‐linked starch was observable as well. It is believed that spherical particles provided by thermoplastic cross‐linked starch helps film debonding and porosity during the film stretch processes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41016.     

在LTspice/SwitcherCAD Ⅲ中采用变压器

关于LTspice/SwitcherCAD Ⅲ LTspice/SwitcherCAD Ⅲ是一款具集成原理图捕获能力的强大SPICE仿真工具.     

iFlash:80℃活化漂白与新型皂洗

加工技术与设备的发展通常会使加工时间缩短.但是新型助剂的应用也可减少加工时间,大大降低成本.随着iFlash系统的应用,漂白温度可降至80℃,活性染料染色后皂洗的时间也大大缩短.因此,织物间歇式染色得到优化,在不增加额外投资的情况下运行更经济.     

Polynomial methods for the structured singular value with real parameters

We consider the structured singular value problem with real parametric uncertainty only. Using techniques from algebraic geometry, we propose two algorithms that in principle can yield the precise value of the structured singular value at a fixed frequency. Their ability to do so depends upon their ability to find all common roots to a system of polynomial equations. The first algorithm is applicable to problems with two real parameters each of multiplicity two. The second algorithm is applicable to problems with n distinct real parameters. These algorithms have proved useful in applications to aerospace control law analysis.     

The performance of a distributed combat simulation with the time warp operating system

This paper analyzes the performance of a discrete-event combat simulation executed on a parallel processor under control of the Time Warp Operating System. Time Warp is in a class of distributed simulation methods called Optimistic methods which have proven to be useful over a wide range of simulations. The combat simulation used for this performance study, called STB88, is a division-corps model incorporating a number of different types of computations. The speed-up for three versions of this model on the Caltech/JPL Mark III Hypercube and the BBN Butterfly parallel processors was measured relative to an efficient sequential execution of the same model on the same hardware. The results indicate that STB88 version 1 achieves a speed-up of 28.6 on 60 Mark III processors, while STB88 version 2 achieves a speed-up of 36.8 on 100 Butterfly processors. Version 3 of STB88 achieved a speed-up of 38.5 on 128 Mark III processors. The versions differed only in their interface to Time Warp. On the Butterfly, the sequential execution completed in 2 hours, while the 100 processor execution completed in 3.2 minutes.     

生态建造：教育套餐和环境手册

生态建造是一个关注于传播建成环境中可持续性的需要以及促成可持续性的方式的项目。它针对于两个群体：16-19岁的学生，为他们制作了一个交互式的光盘；建造行业中的专业人员。光盘中提出了这样的问题--你的家和学校有多绿色？它说明了类似于建筑尺度和朝向的设计决策如何影响到建筑在能耗方面的表现和CO2的排放量。光盘包括了衡量如往宅温室节能效果的术语表，来解释它们对建筑的影响。这样学生们就可以对他们自己的学校和家进行评估，并提出怎样的设计可以提高它们的节能效果。如果我们想全球化地实现可持续性的未来，下一代的介入至关重要。环境手册中更深入地研究了这些问题，并关注到了其他建筑类型，如办公建筑。本文描述了正趋于完成的教育光盘和环境手册中涉及的一些根本的环境和教育因素。     

Identification and quantification of anammox bacteria in eight nitrogen removal reactors

Various studies have revealed anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) as a very attractive alternative process suitable for nitrogen removal from wastewater. Here we investigated anammox bacteria in eight different nitrogen removal reactors. The diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria were determined by the 16S rRNA gene analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization with specific probes and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). In these reactors, at least eight unique near full length anammox 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected, which were distributed over two genera; Candidati Brocadia and Kuenenia. FISH results confirmed that only one anammox bacterium dominated the community in each of the eight reactors investigated in this study. qPCR analysis revealed that anammox bacteria were present in seven of the reactors in the order of 10⁹ cells/ml and 10⁷ cells/ml in reactor A1. The dominant and divergent Brocadia-like anammox phylotype in one reactor represented a novel species for which we propose the name Candidatus Brocadia sinica. Taken together, these results indicated that a single seeding source could be used to seed anammox reactors designed to treat different types of wastewater, which could lead to a faster start-up of bioreactors.     

Performance and Modeling of the MWIR HgCdTe Electron Avalanche Photodiode

The operation of the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe cylindrical electron injection avalanche photodiode (e-APD) is described. The measured gain and excess noise factor are related to the collection region fill factor. A two-dimensional diffusion model calculates the time-dependent response and steady-state pixel point spread function for cylindrical diodes, and predicts bandwidths near 1 GHz for small geometries. A 2 μm diameter spot scan system was developed for point spread function and crosstalk measurements at 80 K. An electron diffusion length of 13.4 μm was extracted from spot scan data. Bandwidth data are shown that indicate bandwidths in excess of 300 MHz for small unit cells geometries. Dark current data, at high gain levels, indicate an effective gain normalized dark density count as low as 1000 counts/μs/cm² at an APD gain of 444. A junction doping profile was determined from capacitance–voltage data. Spectral response data shows a gain-independent characteristic.