Effect of cross-flow on the frequency of bubble formation from a single-hole nozzle

Bubble formation from a single-hole nozzle placed vertically upward in a rotating water bath was investigated using a high-speed video camera. Air was used as the working gas. The measured values of the frequency of bubble formation, f _B, were compared with those observed in a stationary bath, f _B0. The velocity of cross-flow, ν_θ, affected the bubble formation significantly when it exceeded a critical value, ν_θc . The ratio of f _B to f _B0 was unity for ν_θ≦ν_θc , but it changed in a complex manner for ν_θ>ν_θc . In the latter case, when the air flow rate Q _g was relatively low, f _B/f _B0 became larger than unity irrespective of Q _g, and an empirical correlation of f _B/f _B0 was proposed as a function of ν_θ and the inner diameter of the nozzle, d _ni. As the gas flow rate increased, f _B/f _B0 decreased monotonically and became smaller than unity, and an empirical correlation of f _B/f _B0 was derived as a function of Q _g, ν_θ, and d _ni. These empirical correlations could approximate the measured values of f _B/f _B0 within a scatter of −15 to +20 pct.     

Dry etching topography simulator with a new surface reaction model:MODERN

A new simulator for dry-etching has been developed to predict topological evolutions in geometries with submicrometer dimensions. Ever-changing adsorbed particle layers on the film surface being etched are modeled. Surface reaction rates are calculated by taking into account the interaction between incoming ion/radical fluxes and the adsorbed particle layer with finite surface coverage. Silicon-dioxide etching by hydrofluorocarbon gases is studied as an application. Unknown parameters of ion/radical fluxes, radical sticking coefficients and sputtering rate of deposited polymer film are partially determined a priori based on a profile fitting method between simulations and experiments by using an overhang test structure. Simulation results of surface profiles after etching show good match with experimental data for trench and hole configurations, where the competition between etching and deposition on the sidewall are reasonably well described     

Utilization of oryzacystatin for regulating the ripening of squid shiokara, a traditional Japanese salted and fermented seafood

Shiokara is a fermented seafood composed of sliced squid mantle muscle ripened with fresh squid liver. Preliminary sensory evaluation by using the ranking test revealed that the hardness of squid muscle in shiokara was reduced within 7 d of ripening. During the process of ripening, muscle proteins were digested by proteinases present in squid liver. The degradation of paramyosin and myosin heavy chain was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hardness of squid mantle muscle in shiokara was reduced with the degradation of paramyosin and myosin heavy chain. This degradation was mainly caused by E-64-sensitive cysteine proteinases. To control the hardness of shiokara, we used rice seed oryzacystatin, which suppresses proteolysis by papain-like cysteine proteinases. When oryzacystatin was added 4 d after the start of shiokara ripening, the muscle protein degradation stopped, without further muscle softening. These results show that oryzacystatin is useful to control the ripening of shiokara by regulating its hardness.     

A computer-aided method for optimum design of plate cam-size avoiding undercutting and separation phenomena—II: Design nomogramsEine rechnergestützte methode zur konstruktion optimaler kurvengetriebe ohne unterschnitt und anheben der rolle. Teil 2: Konstruktionsnomogramme

This study presents design nomograms which make it easy for the cam designer to estimate the limiting value of the investigated parameter which can be applied to a plate cam follower system, as long as the maximum contact stress between the cam and follower during both rise and return strokes of cam revolution can be determined. The undesirable phenomena of the undercutting of cam profile and the separation between the cam and the follower are taken into consideration. Moreover, these design nomograms give correlations between the investigated parameters and the optimum plate cam size and also are used to study the influence of an investigated parameter on this size. The optimum plate cam size is the combination of cam base circle radius and the amount of cam follower offset, and satisfies the suggested design procedure which is based on taking the contact stress as a design criterion. The investigated parameters are dynamic, kinematic, geometric and material. A brief discussion on using the suggested design procedure to design the size of plate cam is described. For a numerical example, the presented design nomograms are for reciprocating cam-roller-follower which operated by parabolic plate cam.     

Role of NADH shuttle system in glucose-induced activation of mitochondrial metabolism and insulin secretion

Glucose metabolism in glycolysis and in mitochondria is pivotal to glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. One or more factors derived from glycolysis other than pyruvate appear to be required for the generation of mitochondrial signals that lead to insulin secretion. The electrons of the glycolysis-derived reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are transferred to mitochondria through the NADH shuttle system. By abolishing the NADH shuttle function, glucose-induced increases in NADH autofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate content were reduced and glucose-induced insulin secretion was abrogated. The NADH shuttle evidently couples glycolysis with activation of mitochondrial energy metabolism to trigger insulin secretion.     

Control of swelling height of Si crystal by irradiating Ar beam

It has been found that ion implantation can induce a swelling (step-height) phenomenon on crystal surface. In this paper, we studied about the control of swelling height of Si crystal by irradiating Ar beam under various parameters (fluence, charge and energy). These irradiation parameters were regulated by an irradiation facility that enables to achieve the multiple ionization. For both charges, the swelling height was studied with the various fluencies of two different charges Ar(1+) and Ar(4+). The swelling height increased with increasing the fluence. The swelling height was also studied by changing energy of Ar(4+) beam. The swelling height increased by increasing the energy. The obtained swelling heights are understood base on the contribution of ion-beam induced defect, which is evaluated by SRIM. By comparing with the previous results, it was found that the expansion phenomena also depend on irradiated ion. The swelling structures were found to be stable more than two months. The present results have shown that this method of producing swelling structure indicates the potential application to fabricate 3-D nanostructure.     

Image-based fluid data assimilation with deep neural network

Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization - Estimating unknown parameters or conditions based on observation in a numerical model is a problem considered in data assimilation. In this study, we...     

Determination of peptide phi angles in solids by relayed anisotropy correlation NMR

A solid state NMR method is presented for determination of a backbone dihedral angle phi in peptides, being based on the previously reported method, relayed anisotropy correlation (RACO) NMR [Y. Ishii et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 256 (1996) 133]. In the present method, the 15N-1H and the 13C-1H dipolar tensors in the 1H-15N-13C-1H system are two-dimensionally (2D) correlated via polarization transfer from 15N to 13C under magic angle spinning (MAS). This method was applied to N-acetyl[1,2-13C,15N]D,L-valine, and the H-C-N-H dihedral angle was determined to be 154.0 +/- 1.4 degrees or 206.0 +/- 1.4 degrees, the former agreeing with the X-ray value of 154 +/- 5 degrees.