Plastic collapse moment (PCM) equations of throughwall axially cracked (TAC) elbow subjected to in-plane closing/opening bending moment were previously proposed by the present authors. However, in actual situation, an elbow may often be subjected to combined internal pressure and bending moment loading. The present work investigates the effect of internal pressure on the in-plane plastic collapse moment of throughwall axially cracked elbows through 3-D elastic-plastic finite element analysis. Equations of un-pressurized cases are recommended where it is conservative and in other cases new equations are proposed. 相似文献
This study quantifies the effects of green leaf and black tea parameters that influence tea quality in Northeast India. It was motivated by a decline in tea quality that is of concern to tea growers. The rationale of the study is to identify the different parameters that have a significant influence on liquor brightness and other variables measuring tea quality. Here, we investigate several methods for estimating tea quality based on tea quality data, near infrared spectroscopy and remotely sensed data (NDVI). Attention focused on two high yielding clones (TV1 and S3A3). NDVI was obtained from ASTER images. Statistical analysis shows that liquor brightness is affected by the levels of caffeine content, theaflavins and catechins. Relationships exist between quality parameters and remote sensing in particular for the S3A3 clone. NDVI has a positive relation with caffeine, theogallin, EC, and ECG. NIR is negatively related to caffeine, theogallin, and catechins. We conclude that NDVI and Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have a large potential to be used for monitoring tea quality in the future. 相似文献
Temperature‐dependent in‐situ Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the phase transformation of zinc metastannate (ZnSnO3) to zinc orthostannate (Zn2SnO4) induced upon annealing in the ambient. ZnSnO3 microcubes (MCs) were synthesized at room temperature using a simple aqueous synthesis process, followed by characterization using electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Annealing of the ZnSnO3 MCs was carried out up to 1000°C, while recording the Raman spectra in‐situ at regular intervals. Phase transformation from metastannate to orthostannate was found to begin around 500°C with an activation energy of ~0.965 eV followed by the recrystallization into the inverse spinel orthostannate phase at ~750°C. Results from this study provide detailed understanding of the phase transformation behavior of perovskite ZnSnO3 to inverse spinel Zn2SnO4 upon thermal annealing. 相似文献
Room temperature fracture toughness along with compressive deformation behavior at both room and high temperatures (900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C) has been evaluated for ternary or quaternary hypoeutectic (Nb–12Si–5Mo and Nb–12Si–5Mo–20Ti) and hypereutectic (Nb–19Si–5Mo and Nb–19Si–5Mo–20Ti) Nb-silicide based intermetallic alloys to examine the effects of composition, microstructure, and annealing (100 hours at 1500 °C). On Ti-addition and annealing, the fracture toughness has increased by up to ~ 75 and ~ 63 pct, respectively with ~ 14 MPa√m being recorded for the annealed Nb–12Si–5Mo–20Ti alloy. Toughening is ascribed to formation of non-lamellar eutectic with coarse Nbss, which contributes to crack path tortuosity by bridging, arrest, branching and deflection of cracks. The room temperature compressive strengths are found as ~ 2200 to 2400 MPa for as-cast alloys, and ~ 1700 to 2000 MPa after annealing with the strength reduction being higher for the hypoeutectic compositions due to larger Nbss content. Further, the compressive ductility has varied from 5.7 to 6.5 pct. The fracture surfaces obtained from room temperature compression tests have revealed evidence of brittle failure with cleavage facets and river patterns in Nbss along with its decohesion at non-lamellar eutectic. The compressive yield stress decreases with increase in test temperature, with the hypoeutectic alloys exhibiting higher strength retention indicating the predominant role of solid solution strengthening of Nbss. The flow curves obtained from high temperature compression tests show initial work hardening, followed by a steady state regime indicating dynamic recovery involving the formation of low angle grain boundaries in the Nbss, as confirmed by electron backscattered diffraction of the annealed Nb–12Si–5Mo alloy compression tested at 1100 °C.
Background: Enzymes of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) have recently been recognized as tumor suppressors. Mutations in the SDHB subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) cause pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCCs/PGLs) and predispose patients to malignant disease with poor prognosis. Methods: Using the human pheochromocytoma cell line (hPheo1), we knocked down SDHB gene expression using CRISPR-cas9 technology. Results: Microarray gene expression analysis showed that >500 differentially expressed gene targets, about 54%, were upregulated in response to SDHB knock down. Notably, genes involved in glycolysis, hypoxia, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation were up regulated, whereas genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were downregulated. In vitro studies show that hPheo1 proliferation is not affected negatively and the cells that survive by shifting their metabolism to the use of glutamine as an alternative energy source and promote OXPHOS activity. Knock down of SDHB expression results in a significant increase in GLUD1 expression in hPheo1 cells cultured as monolayer or as 3D culture. Analysis of TCGA data confirms the enhancement of GLUD1 in SDHB mutated/low expressed PCCs/PGLs. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the downregulation of SDHB in PCCs/PGLs results in increased GLUD1 expression and may represent a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in SDHB mutated tumors and SDHB loss of activity-dependent diseases. 相似文献