Correspondence analysis of color–emotion associations

Emotions are often associated with colors, but what mediates color–emotion associations is not fully understood. This study examined associations between colors and emotions using correspondence analysis. The hypothesis that emotions are associated with colors through the correspondence between the hue circle and the circumplex model of emotion/affect was tested. Participants viewed 40 colors and reported a word that expressed an emotion that they associated with or felt in response to each color. Participants' responses were aggregated into a contingency table of colors and emotion words, and a correspondence analysis was conducted. An eight‐dimensional biplot was obtained. The first and second dimensions were related to hue, and the hue configuration was similar to colors' spectral trajectory in the CIE xy space or the CIELAB a*b* color space. The configuration of emotions was not consistent with the circumplex model of emotion, which rejected the above hypothesis. The associations in dimensions 1 and 2 appeared to be mediated by the perceived temperature of colors and emotions. In dimensions 3–6, dimensions that seemed to reflect secondary associations based on cultural convention or personal experiences (such as white with emotionless and purity and blue with depression) were obtained. These results also demonstrated the usefulness of correspondence analysis for analyzing color–emotion associations due to its ability to reveal the underlying statistical structure of associations.     

High-temperature deformation behaviour of YBa2Cu3O7−x

High-temperature compression tests were performed in air for YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x polycrystals with grain sizes of 3 and 7 m at various strain rates between 1.3×10^–5 and 4×10^–4s^–1 and at temperatures between 1136 and 1253 K. Steady state deformation appeared above 1203 K for both samples. A stress exponent of 1.3 and an activation energy of 150 kJ mol^–1 were evaluated. The compression tests and microstructural observations revealed that there was a difference in deformation mechanism above and below 1203 K. The dominant mechanism was diffusional creep associated with grain-boundary sliding above 1203 K, and dislocation glide accompanied with grain-boundary sliding below 1203 K. The growth of anisotropic grains and their preferred arrangement were enhanced by deformation.     

Electrochemical isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy: a new depth profiling method of deep levels

The authors report on a new depth profiling method of deep levels, which we call electrochemical isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy (EICTS). This is combined with electrochemical capacitance-voltage using the Schottky barrier of etchable electrolyte and isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy using the capacitance-transient profile at a fixed temperature. We proved its validity by applying to the ZnSe:N epitaxial film of thickness of more than 1000 nm and comparing the characteristics of an obtained deep level with the results measured by conventional deep-level detection techniques. It is expected that EICTS is very effective to assess the deep levels of wide-bandgap semiconductors that suffer from various point defects and their complexes.     

Development of a plasma generator for a long pulse ion source for neutral beam injectors

A plasma generator for a long pulse H(+)/D(+) ion source has been developed. The plasma generator was designed to produce 65 A H(+)/D(+) beams at an energy of 120 keV from an ion extraction area of 12 cm in width and 45 cm in length. Configuration of the plasma generator is a multi-cusp bucket type with SmCo permanent magnets. Dimension of a plasma chamber is 25 cm in width, 59 cm in length, and 32.5 cm in depth. The plasma generator was designed and fabricated at Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Source plasma generation and beam extraction tests for hydrogen coupling with an accelerator of the KSTAR ion source have been performed at the KSTAR neutral beam test stand under the agreement of Japan-Korea collaborative experiment. Spatial uniformity of the source plasma at the extraction region was measured using Langmuir probes and ±7% of the deviation from an averaged ion saturation current density was obtained. A long pulse test of the plasma generation up to 200 s with an arc discharge power of 70 kW has been successfully demonstrated. The arc discharge power satisfies the requirement of the beam production for the KSTAR NBI. A 70 keV, 41 A, 5 s hydrogen ion beam has been extracted with a high arc efficiency of 0.9 -1.1 A/kW at a beam extraction experiment. A deuteron yield of 77% was measured even at a low beam current density of 73 mA/cm(2).     

Corrosion behavior of iron-aluminum alloys and its composite steel in sulfuric acid

The corrosion behavior of an iron-aluminum alloy with bcc structure and a composite of an iron-aluminum and a steel was studied in H₂SO₄ solution. The corrosion resistance deteriorates with increasing aluminum content of an iron-aluminum alloy. XPS measurements showed a magnetite formation on the corroded surface and a preferential corrosion of iron. The corrosion resistance for the composite of an iron-aluminum alloy and a CrMo steel is comparable to that of a CrMo steel. This implies that a corrosion-resistant composite is achievable by controlling the aluminum content of the Fe-Al alloy without the additives.     

Numerical analysis of surface produced H- ions by using two-dimensional particle-in-cell method

The modeling and analysis of a negative ion source is proceeding by using a 2D particle-in-cell simulation. The effect of the H(-) ion production on the plasma grid (PG) surface is investigated. It is shown that with the increase of H(-) ions per time step, the H(-) ion current density is enhanced, while the electron current density decreases with increasing the H(-) production rate on the PG surface. These results agree well with the experimental results observed in typical negative ion sources. Moreover, it is found that plasma quasi-neutrality is held mainly by both H(+) and H(-) ions in the bulk plasma around the PG.     

Structural evolution during mechanical alloying and annealing of a Nb-25at%Al alloy

Mixtures of pure elemental Al and Nb powders of Nb-25at%Al composition was mechanically alloyed, and structural evolution during high energy ball milling has been examined. Al dissolved in Nb from the early stage of the ball milling, and amorphization became noticeable after longer than five hours of milling. However the dissolution of Al in Nb was not completed before the amorphization. No intermetallic phase formed during the mechanical alloying. Before complete amorphization, metastable nitride of Nb_4.62N_2.14 (i.e., -NbN) with hexagonal structure has formed in nanocrystalline size through nitrogen incorporation from ambient environment. The lattice parameter of Nb increased significantly (up to 3.3433 Å after 5 hours of milling) during the milling. Upon annealing above 950 °C, Nb₂Al became the dominant feature with the -NbN, and Nb₃Al did not form from the samples milled at ambient environment. Nb₃Al appeared only from a sample milled at Ar environment. Structural evolution during mechanical alloying of the Nb-Al system is critically dependent the upon milling environment.     

Anisotropy of Young's modulus and tensile properties in cold rolled α′ martensite Ti–V–Sn alloys

Young's modulus and tensile properties of cold rolled Ti–8 mass% V and (Ti–8 mass% V)–4 mass% Sn alloy plates consisting of α′ martensite were investigated as a function of tensile axis orientation in this work. A single phase of α′ (hcp) martensite is obtained in Ti–8 mass% V and (Ti–8 mass% V)–4 mass% Sn alloys by quenching after solution treatment. By 86% cold rolling, acicular α′ martensite microstructures change into extremely refined dislocation cell-like structure with an average size of 60 nm, accompanied with the development of cold rolling texture in which the basal plane normal is tilted from the plate normal direction (ND) toward transverse direction (TD) at angles of ±49° for Ti–8% V alloy and ±46° for (Ti–8 mass% V)–4 mass% Sn alloy. No apparent anisotropy of Young's modulus (E) is observed for as-quenched Ti–8% V (E = 76–83 GPa) and (Ti–8% V)-4%Sn (E = 69–79 GPa). In contrast, Young's modulus increases with increasing angle from the rolling direction (RD) to TD for cold rolled Ti–8% V (E = 72–94 GPa) and (Ti–8% V)–4%Sn (E = 63–85 GPa). The observed anisotropy of Young's modulus can be reasonably explained in terms of the cold rolling α′ texture.0.2% proof stress and tensile strength are independent of tensile orientation for cold rolled Ti–8% V and (Ti–8% V)–4%Sn alloys. In contrast, larger elongation to fracture is obtained in specimens deviated by 30°, 45° and 60° from RD than by 0°, 75° and 90°. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs reveal that quasi-cleavage-like fracture plane appears in 0° specimen of cold rolled Ti–8% V which shows brittle fracture and other specimens of cold rolled Ti–8% V and (Ti–8% V)–4%Sn alloys are fractured accompanied with necking and dimple formation. It is suggested from these results that brittle fracture is related to the activation of limited number of slip system and Sn addition leads to the activation of multiple slip systems.     

Analysis of dispersion and aggregation behavior of carbon black particles in aqueous suspension by colloid probe AFM method

To clarify the role of polymer dispersants at the carbon black (CB) nanoparticle/liquid interface, the adsorbed structure of the dispersants and the interactions between particle surfaces was evaluated using colloid probe AFM. As it is difficult to prepare stable spherical granules consisting of CB nanoparticles with diameters on the scale of several microns, for a colloidal probe by spray drying and sintering, CB nanoparticles were uniformly coated on the surface of spherical resin particles using a physical composing process. In order to establish the mechanism of action of the CB polymer dispersant by using the prepared colloid probe, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and PEI functionalized with a hydrophobic toluoyl group (T-PEI) were compared. It was found that on the adsorption of T-PEI, the viscosity of the aqueous CB suspension and the size of the aggregates were remarkably decreased in acidic conditions. Although the amounts of PEI and T-PEI adsorbed onto the CB were almost the same, a larger repulsive interaction was observed in the case of the T-PEI. CB nanoparticle dispersion was promoted by the increase in steric repulsion due to the structure of the adsorbed T-PEI.     

Value of MR cholangiopancreatography in evaluating choledochal cysts

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to clarify whether MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a suitable replacement for ERCP in evaluation of the choledochal cyst. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients (six adult and 10 pediatric) with choledochal cysts underwent MRCP using a half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo sequence. Extent of the cyst, defects within the biliary tree, and presence or absence of the anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary duct were evaluated. Findings were compared with those of ERCP. RESULTS: MRCP better defined the proximal biliary tree than did ERCP in two patients. Defects within the biliary tree were diagnosed correctly on MRCP in eight patients; however, two defects within the distal common bile duct were missed in pediatric patients. The presence of the anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary duct was revealed accurately by MRCP in all adult patients but was revealed accurately in only four of the 10 pediatric patients. CONCLUSION: MRCP appears to offer diagnostic information that is equivalent to that of ERCP for assessment of choledochal cysts in adults. In pediatric patients, MRCP should not replace ERCP; however, MRCP can play an important role as a noninvasive examination and should be considered a first-choice imaging technique for evaluation of choledochal cysts.