Thickness distribution of high-speed free-surface lithium flow simulating IFMIF target

International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) employs liquid lithium as D⁺ beams target. The liquid Li target is formed as flat plane free-surface flow by a nozzle and flows at high speed around 15 m/s. This paper focuses on flatness of the liquid Li target. The Li flow experiment was conducted in Osaka University Li Loop with a test section which was 1/2.5 scaled model of IFMIF. The thickness of the Li flow was measured and obtained by a contact method which was developed for the measurement. Analytical study on Kelvin wake and numerical calculation on the wake near the side wall of the flow channel were also conducted and compared with the experimental results. As a result, the positions of the wake crest obtained from both of the experiment and numerical calculation assuming contact angle 140° agreed well with the iso-phase line of the analytical model. The generation of the wake likely depends on wettability between Li and the structural material which is 304SS in the present study.     

Oxygen-Saturated Strong Metal-Support Interactions Triggered by Water on Titania Supported Catalysts

Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) greatly improves the performances of various supported metal nanoparticle catalysts. Classical SMSI relies on the oxide species with substoichiometric oxygen concentration, which prefers to retreat off in humid and oxidative atmospheres. A SMSI is reported with oxygen-saturated overlayers on Au/TiO₂ catalyst achieved by steaming treatment, an opposite condition to the classical SMSI formation. Through a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, this study demonstrates that the strong interactions between the TiO_xH_y (x≥2) species and Au surface cause the support migration to encapsulate Au nanoparticles. The oxygen-saturated oxide overlayers are stable in oxidative, reductive, and humid atmospheres, providing great vitality to stabilize metal nanoparticle catalysts under varied and complex reaction conditions to outperform the classical SMSI.     

Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes, 32. New preparation method of cellulose membranes

The preparation of cellulose membranes from mixtures of cellulose, nonprotonic polar organic solvents, paraformaldehyde, and basic catalyst was studied. When dimethyl sulfoxide was used as casting solvent, the resulting membrane was the densest. An increase of an additional amount of triethyl amine used as basic catalyst gave denser membranes.     

Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes. 22. Ultrafiltration characteristics and membrane structure of cellulose nitrate membranes

The formation mechanism of anisotropic polymer membranes formed by a system of cellulose nitrate (CN)/n-propyl alcohol (n-PrOH)/N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) was investigated. The ultrafiltration characteristics and the membrane structure were influenced significantly by the casting solvents (ratio of n-PrOH to DMF) and the evaporation period during the membrane formation process. The finger-like structure in the sponge layer was observed in all systems except that of n-PrOH/DMF = 2/1 and increased with the evaporation period, after 2 min in the system of pure DMF and after 5 min in the system of n-PrOH/DMF = 1/3. The formation mechanism of the anisotropic CN membranes and the ultrafiltration characteristics were discussed in detail.     

Radiation chemical studies of protein reactions: Effect of protectors on the breaking of secondary bonding in protein

Radiation protective effect of the breaking of secondary bonding in protein was examined with sodium benzoate, monosodium 1-glutamate, 1-arginine, and thiourea, and the behavior of viscosity against the protector was obtained. An experimental equation for the viscosity change is given by ηred = b ? a log X, where ηred is the reduced viscosity of the solution, X is the protector concentration, and a and b are adjustable constants.     

Metabolism and cholestatic effect of 3α-hydroxy-7ζ-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid

3α-Hydroxy-7ζ-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid (7ζ-methyl-LA) was infused intravenously into bile fistula hamsters to investigate its metabolism and effect on the bile flow as compared with lithocholic acid. Following infusion of the labeled bile acids, bile was collected quantitatively to allow measurement of bile flow and bile acid composition. More than 80% of radioactivity was recovered in bile within 4 hr. 7ζ-Methyl-LA and lithocholic acid in bile were present as the taurine and glycine conjugates; no free bile acids were detected. 7ζ-Methyl-LA was neither hydroxylated nor metabolized to any measurable extent, though lithocholic acid was 7α-hydroxylated to chenodeoxycholic acid (30–45%). At the infusion rate at which lithocholic acid induced a severe cholestasis (264 nmol/min), 7ζ-methyl-LA did not decrease the bile flow. In fact, the infusion of 7ζ-methyl-LA produced a mild choleresis under conditions where endogenous bile acid excretion was not changed appreciably compared to control infusions with albumin. It is concluded that 7ζ-methyl-LA is not metabolized in the hamster but is conjugated with taurine and glycine, and that the introduction of a methyl group at the 7-position of lithocholic acid appears to alleviate the cholestatic effect of lithocholic acid in the hamster.     

Studies of syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes

Summary A new method of enzyme immobilization by a polyion complex was proposed. An enzyme immobilizing membrane was prepared by ultrafiltrating a mixture consisted of quarternized chitosan, sodium polyacrylate and invertase in an aqueous NaBr solution. The permeation and hydrolysis characteristics of aqueous sucrose solution through the invertase immobilizing membrane was studied under some conditions. A hydrolysis rate of sucrose by the invertase immobilizing membrane corresponded to the Michael is-Menten type reaction.     

Studies on syntheses and permeabilities of special polymer membranes

Summary An ion exchange membrane containing carboxyl groups, insoluble in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions, was prepared from poly(isobutylene-alternating co-maleic anhydride) and poly(vinyl alcohol). Using the membrane in a diaphragm cell, one side being adjusted to be acidic and the other alkaline, it was possible to transport actively and selectively alkali metal ions through the membrane from the alkaline side to the acidic side.