Survey of ICIC techniques in LTE networks under various mobile environment parameters

LTE networks’ main challenge is to efficiently use the available spectrum, and to provide satisfying quality of service for mobile users. However, using the same bandwidth among adjacent cells leads to occurrence of Inter-cell Interference especially at the cell-edge. Basic interference mitigation approaches consider bandwidth partitioning techniques between adjacent cells, such as frequency reuse of factor m schemes, to minimize cell-edge interference. Although SINR values are improved, such techniques lead to significant reduction in the maximum achievable data rate. Several improvements have been proposed to enhance the performance of frequency reuse schemes, where restrictions are made on resource blocks usage, power allocation, or both. Nevertheless, bandwidth partitioning methods still affect the maximum achievable throughput. In this proposal, we intend to perform a comprehensive survey on Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) techniques, and we study their performance while putting into consideration various design parameters. This study is implemented throughout intensive system level simulations under several parameters such as different network loads, radio conditions, and user distributions. Simulation results show the advantages and the limitations of each technique compared to frequency reuse-1 model. Thus, we are able to identify the most suitable ICIC technique for each network scenario.     

Catalyst Design by NH4OH Treatment of USY Zeolite

Hierarchical zeolites are a class of superior catalysts which couples the intrinsic zeolitic properties to enhanced accessibility and intracrystalline mass transport to and from the active sites. The design of hierarchical USY (Ultra‐Stable Y) catalysts is achieved using a sustainable postsynthetic room temperature treatment with mildly alkaline NH₄OH (0.02 m ) solutions. Starting from a commercial dealuminated USY zeolite (Si/Al = 47), a hierarchical material is obtained by selective and tuneable creation of interconnected and accessible small mesopores (2–6 nm). In addition, the treatment immediately yields the NH₄⁺ form without the need for additional ion exchange. After NH₄OH modification, the crystal morphology is retained, whereas the microporosity and relative crystallinity are decreased. The gradual formation of dense amorphous phases throughout the crystal without significant framework atom leaching rationalizes the very high material yields (>90%). The superior catalytic performance of the developed hierarchical zeolites is demonstrated in the acid‐catalyzed isomerization of α‐pinene and the metal‐catalyzed conjugation of safflower oil. Significant improvements in activity and selectivity are attained, as well as a lowered susceptibility to deactivation. The catalytic performance is intimately related to the introduced mesopores, hence enhanced mass transport capacity, and the retained intrinsic zeolitic properties.     

Best Minimum Summation Scheduler for Long Term Evolution

Resource scheduling in Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an open and rising issue. It has an enormous impact on the entire system performance. Due to the nature of LTE system, the scheduler has to be designed carefully. It has to overcome many challenges such as limited processing time and the high dynamic behavior. This paper proposes a novel scheduling policy for the MAC layer in LTE called the Best Minimum Summation (BMS). The main aim of this scheduling policy is to achieve high performance with low complexity. Three sub-schedulers have been developed. Each one of these schedulers deals with scheduling table in different dimension. The first one operates on the scheduling table through the user dimension (BMS.UE); while the second one operates on the scheduling table through the resource block dimension (BMS.RB). The third scheduler operates on the scheduling table correlating both of these dimensions (BMS.2D). All of the proposed solutions were intensively evaluated in a system level simulator. Three performance metrics were used which are throughput, error rate and fairness. The results have shown that the ability of the BMS.UE scheduler to outperform other existing schedulers of LTE.     

Nonsinusoidal radar signal design for stealth targets

The detection of stealth point targets challenges the design of conventional radars using sinusoidal carriers since the objective of stealth technology is to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of targets to a level where the radar receiver cannot detect the target. While there are a number of techniques employing different technologies to reduce the RCS of targets, shaping and coating the target with absorbing material are the most useful ones. The analysis and design of nonsinusoidal radar signals is based on modeling stealth point targets by a two-layer structure consisting of a metal surface covered with a coat of absorbing material. The design is presented for two classes of signals: uncoded signals and pulse compression signals using Barker codes. The relationship between target response, absorbing material time delay, time variation of transmitted pulses and coding features are determined and analyzed. While sliding correlators are used for detection and selection of various target responses, their output autocorrelation functions are determined analytically in terms of transmitted signal autocorrelation functions. Thumbtack range-velocity resolution functions are obtained for transmitted signal characters with a single pulse and characters with coded waveforms, for different pulse duration. It is shown that the range resolution can be improved by the proper choice of the transmitted signal duration relative to absorbing material time delay. Thumbtack range-velocity resolution functions similar to those of conventional point targets can also be realized     

A hybrid multiagent routing approach for wireless ad hoc networks

Wireless ad-hoc networks are infrastructureless networks that comprise wireless mobile nodes able to communicate each other outside wireless transmission range. Due to frequent network topology changes in one hand and the limited underlying bandwidth in the other hand, routing becomes a challenging task. In this paper we present a novel routing algorithm devoted for mobile ad hoc networks. It entails both reactive and proactive components. More precisely, the algorithm is based on ant general behavior, but differs from the classic ant methods inspired from Ant-Colony-Optimization algorithm [1]. We do not use, during the reactive phase, a broadcasting technique that exponentially increases the routing overhead, but we introduce a new reactive route discovery technique that considerably reduces the communication overhead. In the simulation results, we show that our protocol can outperform both Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol [2], one of the most important current state-of-the-art algorithms, and AntHocNet protocol [5], one of the most important ant-based routing algorithms, in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and the communication overhead.     

2D and 3D image localization,compression and reconstruction using new hybrid moments

In this article, we will present a new set of hybrid polynomials and their corresponding moments, with a view to using them for the localization, compression and reconstruction of 2D and 3D images. These polynomials are formed from the Hahn and Krawtchouk polynomials. The process of calculating these is successfully stabilized using the modified recurrence relations with respect to the n order, the variable x and the symmetry property. The hybrid polynomial generation process is carried out in two forms: the first form contains the separable discrete orthogonal polynomials of Krawtchouk–Hahn (DKHP) and Hahn–Krawtchouk (DHKP). The latter are generated as the product of the discrete orthogonal Hahn and Krawtchouk polynomials, while the second form is the square equivalent of the first form, it consists of discrete squared Krawtchouk–Hahn polynomials (SKHP) and discrete polynomials of Hahn–Krawtchouk squared (SHKP). The experimental results clearly show the efficiency of hybrid moments based on hybrid polynomials in terms of localization property and computation time of 2D and 3D images compared to other types of moments; on the other hand, encouraging results have also been shown in terms of reconstruction quality and compression despite the superiority of classical polynomials.

     

Architectural Design,Improvement, and Challenges of Distributed Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Software-defined networking (SDN) is widely perceived to simplify network management and monitoring. The introduction of the SDN model into wireless sensor...     

Semi-supervised superpixel classification for medical images segmentation: application to detection of glaucoma disease

Glaucoma is a disease characterized by damaging the optic nerve head, this can result in severe vision loss. An early detection and a good treatment provided by the ophthalmologist are the keys to preventing optic nerve damage and vision loss from glaucoma. Its screening is based on the manual optic cup and disc segmentation to measure the vertical cup to disc ratio (CDR). However, obtaining the regions of interest by the expert ophthalmologist can be difficult and is often a tedious task. In most cases, the unlabeled images are more numerous than the labeled ones.We propose an automatic glaucoma screening approach named Super Pixels for Semi-Supervised Segmentation “SP3S”, which is a semi-supervised superpixel-by-superpixel classification method, consisting of three main steps. The first step has to prepare the labeled and unlabeled data, applying the superpixel method and bringing in an expert for the labeling of superpixels. In the second step, We incorporate prior knowledge of the optic cup and disc by including color and spatial information. In the final step, semi-supervised learning by the Co-forest classifier is trained only with a few number of labeled superpixels and a large number of unlabeled superpixels to generate a robust classifier. For the estimation of the optic cup and disc regions, the active geometric shape model is used to smooth the disc and cup boundary for the calculation of the CDR. The obtained results for glaucoma detection, via an automatic cup and disc segmentation, established a potential solution for glaucoma screening. The SP3S performance shows quantitatively and qualitatively similar correspondence with the expert segmentation, providing an interesting tool for semi-automatic recognition of the optic cup and disc in order to achieve a medical progress of glaucoma disease.     

Mathematical Analysis and Performance Evaluation of the Cell-Free mMIMO Networks Based on Cognitive Relays

Wireless Personal Communications - The cell-Free massive multiple input multiple output “mMIMO” networks can provide a satisfied performance for the fifth generation “5G”...     

Enhancing inter-PMIPv6-domain for superior handover performance across IP-based wireless domain networks

As a network-based localized mobility management protocol, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) enables a Mobile Host (MH) to roam within a localized domain without MH intervention in the mobility-related signalling. However, the PMIPv6 maintains MH mobility support in a restriction domain. Therefore, whenever the MH roams away from the PMIPv6 domain, its reachability status will be broken-down causing high handover latency and inevitable traffic loss for its communication session. This article proposes a proactive mechanism to mange the MH handover and maintain its data session continually across inter-PMIPv6-domains. The proposed mechanism introduces an intermediate global mobility anchor entity, called, which is responsible to coordinate MH handover as well as redirect its traffic across inter-PMIPv6-domains. Through various simulation evaluations, via ns-2, several experiments were conducted, revealing numerous results that verify the proposed mechanism superior performance over the conventional inter-PMIPv6-domain handover schemes in terms of handover latency, achieved throughput, protocol signalling cost and end-to-end traffic delivery latency.