Automatic rule installation in case of policy change in software defined networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged recently as a new network architecture. It implements both control and management planes at centralized controller and data plane at forwarding devices. Therefore, SDN helps to simplify network management and improves network programmability. Changes in network policies occur frequently by making modifications at controller. However, in existing approaches, the rules installed at switches before policy change at controller are not modified. This can cause violation of network policy by packets. To address this problem, this paper presents a new approach that stores the rules generated at controller. After detecting the change in policy, the proposed approach finds the rules that will be affected by policy change by examining stored rules at controller. Then the affected rules are removed from the forwarding devices. Simulation results reveal that our proposed approach provides less packets violation ratio and normalized traffic overhead as compared to existing approach. Therefore, the proposed approach increases network performance and efficiency.     

Anhydride production as an additional mechanism of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) pyrolysis

Anhydrides production is newly proposed as an additional pyrolysis mechanism of a biopolymer, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). In spite of many suggestions of multiple degradation mechanisms, simple random chain scission by β‐elimination has been accepted as an exclusive mechanism of the thermal degradation of PHB. However, a wide range of activation energy value of the degradation and the deviation from the random chain scission statistics have suggested the presence of other kinds of mechanism out of the random scission. To confirm other mechanisms out of the random scission, minor pyrolyzates from PHB were characterized with ¹H/¹³C‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. As a result, crotonic anhydride and its oligomers were detected as minor products from condensation reactions between carboxyl groups. The anhydrides production must be one reaction out of the conforming process to the random degradation statistics and contribute to the complexity of PHB pyrolysis. An expected thermal degradation pathway of PHB was proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of porcine plasma in fish surimi

Detection of porcine plasma using indirect ELISA was developed using mAb B4E1 for the prevention of their usage in human food that creates religious and health conflicts. The immunoassay has a CV < 20% and did not cross-react to other meat and non-meat proteins. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.25% (w/w) of porcine plasma in spiked raw and cooked fish surimi. The assay did not produce a false positive result for any of the commercial fish surimi tested that were not contain porcine plasma. Determination of a 60-kDa antigenic protein of porcine blood using Western blot confirmed its presence in the plasma fraction of the porcine blood. Further proteomic analysis involving liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed the 60-kDa protein to be porcine serum albumin.     

Effect of micronisation on dietary fibre content and hydration properties of lotus node powder fractions

Fibre‐rich fractions were obtained from nodes of lotus root and micronised by nine different ball‐milling treatments. The optimum milling conditions were screened out by comparing its effects on physicochemical and hydration properties of micro‐sized particles of lotus node powder fraction (LNPF). The micronisation by ball‐milling treatments was carried out at different speeds (200–400 r min^?1) and time (4–12 h). Ball‐milling treatments could effectively (P < 0.05) pulverise the LNPF particles to different micro‐sizes. As particle size decreased, a redistribution of fibre components from insoluble to soluble fractions was observed. Furthermore, micronisation treatments, especially 12 h at 300 r min^?1, could significantly (P < 0.05) increase the hydration characteristics, as well as impart lightness in colour to different extents. Our findings suggested that micronisation can improve physicochemical and hydration characteristics of the fibre components, which provide an opportunity to improve the utilisation and application of lotus node dietary fibre.     

Quantifying the surface roughness effect in microindentation using a proportional specimen resistance model

The influence of the surface roughness on the indentation size effect in microindentation was examined using the proportional specimen resistance model. Stainless steel, aluminium, and copper surfaces were polished to different levels of roughness and subjected to microindentation. The results showed that the indentation size effect increases with increasing surface roughness, according to the proportional specimen resistance model. A normalized hardness equation H/H ₀ = (c ₀ + c ₁ R _a)/(a ₂ d) + 1 was established, and the value of c ₁ can be used to quantify the effect of surface roughness on the severity of the indentation size effect; this value was found to be highest for stainless steel, followed by copper and aluminium.     

Statistical Modelling of 1-min Rain Rate Derived from 1-h Integration Time in Malaysia

Statistical analysis of 1 min rain rate used in estimation of rain attenuation is presented. In rainy condition, the electromagnetic signal tend to experience serious degradation in satellite communication system that operate above 10 GHz. Prediction of 1-min rain rate requires conversion method from longer integration time is important due to its limited 1 min availability in most places. A linear model was proposed in this paper and compared with few existing model in Malaysia. The proposed model achieved good result for Malaysia data which is at par with established models such as Segal, Burgu?no, and Chebil and Rahman.     

Plastic collapse and energy absorption of empty circular aluminum tube under transverse quasi-static loading

This paper presents an experimental investigation on plastic collapse and energy absorption of empty circular aluminum tubes under quasi-static transverse loading. Tubular structures being a critical demand as material saving, high energy absorption and good strength characteristics were of major concerns due to its wall thinness, and so, its various diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratios and span lengths. Studies found that empty circular Al-tube structure subjected to transverse standard three-point bending loading undergone three plastic deformation phases, starting with crumpling phase, crumpling and buckling phase, and lastly the structural collapse. The results found that energy absorption of empty aluminum tubes for a constant D/t ratio decreases as span length. On the contrary, the energy absorption of empty aluminum tubes for a given constant span length increases with the increase in D/t ratio.     

Generating Type 2 Trapezoidal Fuzzy Membership Function Using Genetic Tuning

Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a process of fuzzy logic reasoning to produce the output based on fuzzified inputs. The system starts with identifying input from data, applying the fuzziness to input using membership functions (MF), generating fuzzy rules for the fuzzy sets and obtaining the output. There are several types of input MFs which can be introduced in FIS, commonly chosen based on the type of real data, sensitivity of certain rule implied and computational limits. This paper focuses on the construction of interval type 2 (IT2) trapezoidal shape MF from fuzzy C Means (FCM) that is used for fuzzification process of mamdani FIS. In the process, upper MF (UMF) and lower MF (LMF) of the MF need to be identified to get the range of the footprint of uncertainty (FOU). This paper proposes Genetic tuning process, which is a part of genetic algorithm (GA), to adjust parameters in order to improve the behavior of existing system, especially to enhance the accuracy of the system model. This novel process is a hybrid approach which produces Genetic Fuzzy System (GFS) that helps to enhance fuzzy classification problems and performance. The approach provides a new method for the construction and tuning process of the IT2 MF, based on the FCM outcomes. The result is compared to Gaussian shape IT2 MF and trapezoid IT2 MF generated by the classic GA method. It is shown that the proposed approach is able to outperform the mentioned benchmarked approaches. The work implies a wider range of IT2 MF types, constructed based on FCM outcomes, and an optimum generation of the FOU so that it can be implemented in practical applications such as prediction, analytics and rule-based solutions.     

Numerical solutions of two dimensional Sobolev and generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Burgers equations via Haar wavelets

This work addresses, numerical method based on Haar wavelets and finite differences to solve two dimensional linear, nonlinear Sobolev and non-linear generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Burgers (NGBBMB) equations. The temporal part is discretized using finite differences while spatial part is approximated by two dimensional Haar wavelets. With this strategy, computing solution of two dimensional PDEs reduces to computing solution of linear system of algebraic equations. Collocation approach is then applied to determine the wavelet coefficients from linear system. This paper shows that two dimensional Haar wavelets are suitable and effective for two dimensional linear and non-linear PDEs. For validation of the proposed scheme different problems have been solved and error norms $L_{\infty },L_2$ are computed. Computation verifies that current scheme has good outcome.     

WWOX Loss of Function in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders

The WWOX gene was initially discovered as a putative tumor suppressor. More recently, its association with multiple central nervous system (CNS) pathologies has been recognized. WWOX biallelic germline pathogenic variants have been implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCAR12; MIM:614322) and in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE28; MIM:616211). WWOX germline copy number variants have also been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). All identified germline genomic variants lead to partial or complete loss of WWOX function. Importantly, large-scale genome-wide association studies have also identified WWOX as a risk gene for common neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, the spectrum of CNS disorders associated with WWOX is broad and heterogeneous, and there is little understanding of potential mechanisms at play. Exploration of gene expression databases indicates that WWOX expression is comparatively higher in the human cerebellar cortex than in other CNS structures. However, RNA in-situ hybridization data from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas show that specific regions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the medial entorhinal cortex (EC), and deep layers of the isocortex can be singled out as brain regions with specific higher levels of Wwox expression. These observations are in close agreement with single-cell RNA-seq data which indicate that neurons from the medial entorhinal cortex, Layer 5 from the frontal cortex as well as GABAergic basket cells and granule cells from cerebellar cortex are the specific neuronal subtypes that display the highest Wwox expression levels. Importantly, the brain regions and cell types in which WWOX is most abundantly expressed, such as the EC and BLA, are intimately linked to pathologies and syndromic conditions in turn associated with this gene, such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, ASD, and AD. Higher Wwox expression in interneurons and granule cells from cerebellum points to a direct link to the described cerebellar ataxia in cases of WWOX loss of function. We now know that total or partial impairment of WWOX function results in a wide and heterogeneous variety of neurodegenerative conditions for which the specific molecular mechanisms remain to be deciphered. Nevertheless, these observations indicate an important functional role for WWOX in normal development and function of the CNS. Evidence also indicates that disruption of WWOX expression at the gene or protein level in CNS has significant deleterious consequences.