Channel Models for Inter-body Communication in Ultra Wideband-Based Body Area Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Body area networks (BANs) are evolving tremendously over the years and with the progress in the area of internet of things, the BANs are more important than ever....     

Quasi-elliptic filter characteristics of an asymmetric defected ground structure

An asymmetric defected ground structure (DGS) with respect to a microstrip line is proposed. Its unit cell consists of two square slots connected with a rectangular slot by meandered transverse slots. The simulated, measured and equivalent circuit responses have been presented. The unit DGS pattern under microstrip line produces wide rejection bandwidth and high sharpness factor. Its elliptic band-reject filter response is modelled by appropriate LC equivalent circuit. Two such DGS cells under a microstrip line produce 3-pole quasi-elliptic bandstop filter response, which shows deeper attenuation without appreciable change in pole frequencies in comparison to single cell structure. Unit DGS pattern under coupled gap microstrip lines produces band-accept filtering characteristics. The frequency characteristics show a quasi-elliptic highpass filtering characteristics with sharp lower transition knee. Accordingly, an LC equivalent circuit is proposed. A cascaded band-accept and band-reject filter is proposed for designing a wideband bandpass filter. The bandwidth and centre frequency of the bandpass filter can be varied by choosing different set of DGS dimensions.     

An efficient current-based logic cell model for crosstalk delay analysis

Logic cell modelling is an important component in the analysis and design of CMOS integrated circuits, mostly due to nonlinear behaviour of CMOS cells with respect to the voltage signal at their input and output pins. A current-based model for CMOS logic cells is presented, which can be used for effective crosstalk noise and delta delay analysis in CMOS VLSI circuits. Existing current source models are expensive and need a new set of Spice-based characterisation, which is not compatible with typical EDA tools. In this article we present Imodel, a simple nonlinear logic cell model that can be derived from the typical cell libraries such as NLDM, with accuracy much higher than NLDM-based cell delay models. In fact, our experiments show an average error of 3% compared to Spice. This level of accuracy comes with a maximum runtime penalty of 19% compared to NLDM-based cell delay models on medium-sized industrial designs.     

Lossless compression of medical images using two-dimensional multiplicative autoregressive models

Presents new methods for lossless predictive coding of medical images using two dimensional multiplicative autoregressive models. Both single-resolution and multi-resolution schemes are presented. The performances of the proposed schemes are compared with those of four existing techniques. The experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed schemes achieve higher compression compared to the lossless image coding techniques considered.     

A quasi-3D analytical threshold voltage model of small geometry MOSFETs

Numerical 2D and 3D models of MOSFETs, which have been developed so far, are accurate but take enormous computer time and memory for their implementation. It restricts their use only to the design and development of submicron devices. A computationally faster, analytical quasi-3D model for the threshold voltage of small geometry MOSFETs, which should be useful for VLSI circuit simulation, has been presented in this paper. The model is based on a rigorous 2D analytical model. An equivalence between the analytical 2D model and the Yau's charge sharing model has been established, and the same has been utilized to incorporate the narrow width effect. The important features of the present work are: (1) realistic channel implantation profiles for nMOSFETs have been used in developing the 2D model; (ii) the effect of birds' beaks on the lateral confinement of charges in the channels of oxide isolated MOSFETs has been considered in a simple manner; and (iii) the fringing of electric field near the edges of channels (widths) has also been considered empirically. The simulated values of the threshold voltages exhibiting 2D and 3D effects compare well with those obtained using a numerical 3D simulator (MICROMOS) and with available experimental data. The model is also capable of predicting the inverse narrow width effect observed in MOSFETs with fully recessed field oxide.     

Wavelet and subband transforms: fundamentals and communicationapplications

Subband and wavelet transforms have been a subject of great interest, especially in the fields of signal processing and applied mathematics. This article presents a tutorial on this subject, emphasizing the fundamentals and the reason for its success, importance, and potential. Subband and wavelet transform applications in communications are also reviewed. These application areas include interference excision, spread spectrum codes based on subband transform bases, CDMA, and discrete multitone transceivers     

A Finite Element Computational Method for Gas Hydrate. Part I: Theory

A finite element scheme is presented to model the dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media by hot water injection. We show a complete derivation of the finite element formulation, including the associated mass and energy conservation equations capable of performing transient analysis of both conductive and convective heat transfer for gas and liquid flow in porous media. The scheme also includes the latent heat effect to accommodate the change of phase due to melting of hydrate. In the companion paper, Part II, this method is successfully applied to hydrate reservoirs.     

A Finite Element Computational Method for Gas Hydrate. Part II: Application

A finite element model has been applied to the dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media by hot water injection. In the first step, it was applied to calculate the temperature and saturation profiles for a two-phase convective heat transfer case. The second step involved hydrate thawing calculations with release of water and gas. Realistic results were obtained in predicting the temperature, pressure, and water saturation profiles in the hydrate medium with respect to time, when subjected to hot water injection at high pressure in a wellbore. Furthermore, the thaw front progression calculated by this scheme exhibits stable and satisfactory behavior with respect to time.     

Exploiting information theory for adaptive mobility and resource management in future cellular networks

We utilize tools from information theory to develop adaptive algorithms for two key problems in cellular networks: location tracking and resource management. The use of information theory is motivated by the fundamental observation that overheads in many aspects of mobile computing can be traced to the randomness or uncertainty in an individual user's movement behavior. We present a model-independent information-theoretic approach for estimating and managing this uncertainty, and relate it to the entropy or information content of the user's movement process. Information-theoretic mobility management algorithms are very simple, yet reduce overhead by /spl sim/80 percent in simulated scenarios by optimally adapting to each individual's movement. These algorithms also allow for flexible tradeoff between location update and paging costs. Simulation results demonstrate how an information-theory-motivated resource provisioning strategy can meet QoS bounds with very small wastage of resources, thus dramatically reducing the overall blocking rate.     

Conjugate natural convection heat transfer in an inclined square cavity containing a conducting block

The present work is concerned with computation of natural convection flow in a square enclosure with a centered internal conducting square block both of which are given an inclination angle. Finite volume method through the concepts of staggered grid and SIMPLE algorithm have been applied. Deferred QUICK scheme has been used to discretize the convective fluxes and central difference for diffusive fluxes. The problem of conjugate natural convection has been taken up for validating the code. The abrupt variation in the properties at the solid/fluid interface are taken care of with the harmonic mean formulation. Solution has been performed in the computational domain as a whole with proper treatment at the solid/fluid interface. Computations have been performed for Ra = 10³–10⁶, angle of inclination varying from 15° to 90° in steps of 15° and ratio of solid to fluid thermal conductivities of 0.2 and 5.0. Results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, local and average Nusselt number.