Impulse breakdown superposed on ac voltage in XLPE cable insulation

This paper discusses tree inception and breakdown voltage characteristics of XLPE cable insulation subjected to impulse voltages superimposed on ac voltage. The tree initiation tests were performed on laboratory-molded specimens equipped with needle electrodes, whereas the breakdown tests were conducted on a full-sized cable. The impulse tree initiation stress was found to be dependent on the magnitude of the pre-applied ac stress and the relative polarities of the impulse and the ac peak at the instant of their superposition. Although the impulse polarity has an effect on the tree inception, the general behavior is that the tree inception stress always decreases with an increase of the pre-applied ac stress. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of the space charge effect and the influence of the impulse voltage application itself. The impulse strength of a full-sized cable insulation was found to be independent of the pre-applied ac stress as long as that stress did not exceed the operating stress of a 500 kV cable insulation. However, subjecting cable insulation to higher ac stresses before impulse application caused a reduction of its breakdown strength as compared with the insulation without ac prestressing     

Trehalose embedding technique for high-resolution electron crystallography: application to structural study on bacteriorhodopsin

Trehalose was compared with glucose in its use as an embedding medium for the preparation of two-dimensional crystals for electron crystallographic structure analysis. Purple membranes (two-dimensional crystals of bacteriorhodopsin) embedded in either sugar were studied in a 'partially hydrated' state as well as after 'drying' of the specimen. Diffraction patterns of the four conditions, all showing spots to a resolution better than 3.0 A, were analysed and merged. In the case of glucose embedded specimens, the merging R-factor obtained from the diffraction patterns of dried specimens was significantly better than the one obtained from partially hydrated specimens. In the case of trehalose embedding, the merging R-factor for partially hydrated specimens was significantly better than the dried one. The trehalose embedded, partially hydrated specimens gave the best merging R-factor in all four cases.     

Adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy with gastrin receptor antagonist after hepatic resection in colorectal cancer metastasis

The aim of this study was to determine whether chemo-endocrine therapy after the resection of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer would prevent recurrence in the remnant liver and prolong survival. Eleven colorectal cancer patients underwent hepatic resection for liver metastasis. Subsequently, they were administered Proglumide gastrin antagonist 1,200 mg/day + 5'-DFUR 800 mg/day for 2 years. In seven of them, MMC 6-10 mg and ADM 20 mg were infused intra-arterially every two weeks alternately for one year. In four of them, 5-FU 250 mg/day was infused for seven days continuously intra-arterially every two weeks for one year. Recurrence in the remnant liver occurred in four of 11 patients. All of these patients underwent repeated hepatectomy. The mean disease-free survival in the remnant liver was 37 months and the five-year survival rate was 91%. These results indicate that intra-arterial chemotherapy with gastrin receptor antagonist might be effective for adjuvant therapy in patients with resectable liver metastasis from colorectal cancer.     

Elimination of artifacts in MRCP: technical consideration

Artifacts of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) include fluid-filled gastrointestinal tracts, respiratory motion artifacts, spasm of Oddi's sphincter, vascular compression of bile ducts, overlapping of various anatomical structures and bright signal of surrounding fatty tissue. In this article, various technical considerations to eliminate these artifacts were described for the better imaging analysis of MRCP. The use of high-concentration ferric ammonium citrate (Ferriseltz) is recommended to reduce bright signal of fluid-filled gastrointestinal tracts. In case of long breathhold sequences, O2-inhalation study is useful to eliminate respiratory motion artifacts. Careful attention should be paid to the spasm of Oddi's sphincter and the vascular compression of bile ducts to avoid erroneous interpretation of MRCP findings.     

Low-threshold and high temperature single-longitudinal-mode operation of 1.55 ?m-band DFB-DC-PBH LDs

1.55 ?m-band distributed-feedback laser diodes with double-channel planar buried heterostructure (DFB-DC-PBH LDs) have been developed. As well as low threshold current, 19 mA at room temperature, stable CW single-longitudinal-mode operation up to the high power level of 23 mW and the high temperature of 108°C has been obtained.     

A method for motion compensation of a moving nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its application to frequency analysis of pharyngeal pulsation

A new sequential image processing method for motion compensation of a moving object with stringy shape has been developed for estimating the pharyngeal pulsation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under several environmental conditions. The method is based on the pixel data transfer on a new image frame while changing the boundary shape and the position but preserving the conformation of the inner structure of an object. All digitized image frames of C. elegans were first converted to motion-compensated images to arrange the pulsation site in the same region of the every transformed frame. The pulsation site was then automatically detected by determining the pixels where the temporal brightness variation was much larger than that of the other pixels. Finally, the pulsation frequency was determined by the Fourier analysis. The validity of our method has been confirmed by analyzing various test data, and the method has been applied for detecting the pharyngeal pulsation frequencies of C. elegans on some environmental conditions, i.e. feed bacteria-free/rich, doping of nerve inactivating ethyl-alcohol and nerve stimulant neurochemical substance of serotonin. The motion compensation method automatically provided reasonable pulsation frequencies which were found to be comparable to those obtained by manual counting. Thus the method is useful for systematic investigations on the variation of pharyngeal pulsation associated with the activity change of the nervous system in environments.     

Improvement of bitumen-waste product in leachability—Leachability of bitumen product containing BWR's evaporator concentrate

The method has been developed to improve the bitumen product which incorporates an evaporator concentrate from a BWR, with respect to the swelling and leaching. The leachability of the product has been measured by the method recommended by the IAEA. The swelling of the product is successfully prevented by the addition of calcium chloride. The specimen containing the waste up to Wa/B (Weight ratio of Na₂SO₄ + CaCl₂ and bitumen) = 60:40 shows no pronounced swelling, when it is immersed in water. The cumulative fractions of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co leached from a specimen which does not contain CaCl₂ are 0.65 and 0.2 at the leaching time of 30 days. On the hand, the corresponding value at 100 days for the specimen with calcium chloride addition is 5 × 10^?4 for ¹³⁷Cs and 1 × 10^?4 for ⁶⁰Co. The coating of the specimen surface with a fresh bitumen (5 mm thickness) reduces the leachability further. These results indicate that this method is effective to improve the bitumen product incorporating BWR's evaporator concentrate.     

A new approach to species determination for yeast strains: DNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization using a yeast DNA microarray with 6000 genes

DNA-DNA hybridization is known as the superior method in the elucidation of relationships between closely related taxa, such as species and strain. For species determination we propose a new DNA-DNA hybridization method: the DNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) method, using a yeast DNA microarray with approximately 6000 genes. The genome from a yeast strain as a sample strain (Sample) was labelled with Cy3-dye and hybridized to a single DNA microarray, together with the Cy5-labelled genome of S. cerevisiae S288C as a reference strain (Reference). The log2 ratio values [log2[Cy3(Sample)/Cy5(Reference)]: Ratio] of signal intensities of all the gene spots were estimated and divided into the following groups: Ratio < or = -1; -1 < Ratio < 1; 1 < or = Ratio. The hybridization profiles of the genomes of type strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces were significantly different from that of S. cerevisiae S288C. The Ratio-based grouping allowed us to discriminate between some species from S. cerevisiae more clearly. Furthermore, cluster analysis discriminated between closely related species and strains. Using this method, we were able to not only perform species determination but also to obtain information on alternation in gene copy number of such gene amplifications and deletions with single-gene resolution. These observations indicated that DNA microarray-based CGH is a powerful system for species determination and comparative genome analysis.