Effect of carbohydrate supplementation provided through drinking water during feed withdrawal on meat and liver colours in broilers

BACKGROUND: The effect of saccarose supplementation provided through drinking water during feed withdrawal on meat and liver colour was investigated in a total of 50 broilers (five floor pens with 10 broilers) at 43 days. Treatments consisted of: (1) full‐fed control broilers fed the standard broiler diet and water for the full 10 h (control); (2) fasted broilers receiving only water (FW); (3) 1 g (0.01SW); (4) 2 g (0.02SW); and (5) 3 g (0.03SW) saccarose L^?1 supplemented water for the 10 h. The CIE colour values representing lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) were measured on raw livers, breast and thigh meats. RESULTS: Full‐fed broilers had lower dressing percentage, higher abdominal fat and liver yield and lighter thigh meat coloration than the FW birds (P < 0.05). The 0.02SW and 0.03SW resulted in live shrinks that were lower (P < 0.05) than those found in FW broilers. The 0.02SW and 0.03SW resulted in liver colours that were lighter than those found in FW and 0.01SW birds but darker than from control birds (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that saccarose supplementation during feed withdrawal appears to have a measurable impact on live shrink, and lightness of liver and thigh meat colour in broilers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis,Thermal and Morphological Properties of Polyurethanes Containing Azomethine Linkage

This paper presents synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical, thermal and morphological properties of Schiff bases containing various side-group substitutions and polyurethanes (PUs) containing azomethine linkage. Morphological properties of PUs containing azomethine bonding were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images showed that PU containing azomethine consist of semi-crystalline particles. Thermal transitions in PUs containing azomethine units were studied using DSC. The obtained DSC curves showed that PUs containing azomethine are semi-crystalline materials due to they contain both crystallization and melting peaks. Electrochemical properties also investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). According to the cyclic voltommagrams and CV data, PUs containing azomethine have below 2.0 eV electrochemical band gap.     

Smart packaging: sensors for monitoring of food quality and safety

The development of chemical sensors and biosensors over several decades has been investigated resulting in novel and very interesting sensor devices with great promise for many areas of applications including food technology. The incorporation of such sensors into the food packaging technology has resulted what we call smart or intelligent packaging. These are truly integrated and interdisciplinary systems that invoke expertise from the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, physics and electronics as well as food science and technology. Smart packaging utilises chemical sensor or biosensor to monitor the quality & safety of food from the producers to the costumers. This technology can result in a variety of sensor designs that are suitable for monitoring of food quality and safety, such as freshness, pathogens, leakage, carbon dioxide, oxygen, pH, time or temperature. Thus, this technology is needed as on-line quality control and safety in term of consumers, authorities and food producers, and has great potential in the development of new sensing systems integrated in the food packaging, which are beyond the existing conventional technologies, like control of weight, volume, colour and appearance.     

Impacts of impregnation with Imersol-Aqua on the compression strength of some solid wood materials

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with Imersol-Aqua on the compression strength of some solid wood materials. For this aim, Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), European oak (Quercus petrea Liebl.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), Uludag fir (Abies Bornmülleriana Mattf.), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis Lipsky) and Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra Lipsky) wood samples were prepared according to TS 2595 and impregnated with Imersol-Aqua, commonly being used in construction wood materials by the method of short, medium and long-term of dipping according to ASTM D 1413 and producers’ definition. After the impregnation process, compression strength was measured according to TS 2595. Consequently, among the non-impregnated wood materials, the highest compression strength was obtained in beech and pine samples. Compression strength at this situation from the highest to lowest can be enumerated beech, pine, oak, spruce, fir and poplar. With regard to the impregnation period, the sequence form the highest to lowest was as long-term, medium-term and short-term dipping. In the interaction of wood material and impregnation period, the highest compression strength values were obtained in Scotch pine (71.220 N mm⁻²) impregnated with long-term dipping method whereas the lowest in Lombardy poplar (35.710 N mm⁻²) impregnated with short-term dipping method.

In consequence, in the massive constructions and furniture elements that the compression strength after the impregnation is of great concern, long-term impregnation of solid wood material could be recommended.     

Thermoeconomic optimization for a finned‐tube evaporator configuration of a roof‐top bus air‐conditioning system

This paper presents a methodology of a design optimization technique that can be useful in assessing the best configuration of a finned‐tube evaporator, using a thermoeconomic approach. The assessment has been carried out on a direct expansion finned‐tube evaporator of a vapor compression cycle for a roof‐top bus air‐conditioning (AC) system at a specified cooling capacity. The methodology has been conducted by studying the effect of some operational and geometrical design parameters for the evaporator on the entire cycle exergy destruction or irreversibility, AC system coefficient of performance (COP), and total annual cost. The heat exchangers for the bus AC system are featured by a very compact frontal area due to the stringent space limitations and structure standard for the system installation. Therefore, the current study also takes in its account the effect of the variation of the design parameters on the evaporator frontal area. The irreversibility due to heat transfer across the stream‐to‐stream temperature difference and due to frictional pressure drops is calculated as a function of the design parameters. A cost function is introduced, defined as the sum of two contributions, the investment expense of the evaporator material and the system compressor, and the operational expense of AC system that is usually driven by an auxiliary engine or coupled with the main bus engine. The optimal trade‐off between investment and operating cost is, therefore, investigated. A numerical example is discussed, in which a comparison between the commercial evaporator design and optimal design configuration has been presented in terms of the system COP and evaporator material cost. The results show that a significant improvement can be obtained for the optimal evaporator design compared with that of the commercial finned‐tube evaporator that is designed based on the conventional values of the design parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The electronic band structure of InN,InAs and InSb compounds

The electronic band structure of InN, InAs and InSb has been investigated by ETB. The ETB method has been formulated for sp³d² basis and nearest neighbor interactions of the compounds and its energy parameters have been derived from the results of the present first principles calculations carried on InN, InAs and InSb. It has been found that the present ETB parameters can produce the band structure of the compounds successfully.     

Impacts of impregnation with Timbercare Aqua on the red and yellow color tone of some woods and varnishes

This study has been performed for determining the effects of impregnation with Timbercare Aqua (Tc) on the red and yellow color tone of some woods and varnishes. For this purpose, the test samples prepared from Oriental beech, European oak, Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uludag fir woods, which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, was impregnated with Tc according to ASTM D 1413 and producer's definition. After impregnation, wood surfaces have been coated by Sayerlack parquet varnish (Sp), Sayerlack interior varnish (Si), and Sayerlack exterior varnish (Se) varnishes in accordance with the ASTM D 3023 standards. According to ASTM D 2244, the red and yellow color tone of samples after varnishing process was determined. As a result, the value of red color tone was the highest in Oriental beech (15.21) and the lowest in Uludag fir (5.38). For the wood material, impregnation material, and varnish interaction, the red color tone value was the highest in Oriental beech + Tc + Sp (18.43) and the lowest in Uludag fir + Tc + Si (3.92). The value of the yellow color tone was the highest in pine (34.45) and the lowest in Oriental beech (26.50). For the wood material, impregnation material, and varnish interaction, the yellow color tone value was the highest in Oriental spruce + Tc + Sp (42.12) and the lowest in Oriental beech + Tc + Si (21.47). This effect may be due to the impacts of impregnation chemical on wood extractives and color pigments in varnish. Accordingly, it should be taken into care for applications where the red and yellow color tone value is important. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Software-reliability engineering: technology for the 1990s

It argued that software engineering is about to reach a new stage, the reliability stage, that stresses customers' operational needs and that software-reliability engineering will make this stage possible. Software-reliability engineering is defined as the applied science of predicting, measuring, and managing the reliability of software-based systems to maximize customer satisfaction. The basic concepts of software reliability-engineering and the reasons why it is important are examined. The application of software-reliability engineering at each stage of the life cycle is described     

Effect of collection time on chemical composition of the essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum growing wild in Turkey

The essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum were subjected to detailed GC-MS analysis in order to determine possible similarities and differences in their chemical compositions, depending on growth years (2001 and 2002). In both oils, methyl chavicol (40.29 and 21.69%), limonene (17.66 and 22.24%), fenchone (16.90 and 12.98%), α-pinene (1.86 and 34%) and α-phellandrene (2.30 and 2.74%) were the main components, respectively. A total of 32 components were identified accounting for 85.01 and 67.14% of the oils of F. vulgare, respectively. The main characteristic of the oils is the high content of the limonene, fenchone and estragol. Our findings indicated that the oil of Turkish bitter fennel belonged to methyl chavicol rich type.