The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalysts. VI. Hydrogenation for margarine

Satisfactory margarine stocks have been made with a palladium on carbon catalyst in laboratory, pilot plant, and plant processing. The catalyst was shown to make a satisfactory product even when, on continued re-use, the ratio of oil to metal used reached 400,000 to 1.     

The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalyst. I. Hydrogenation of castor oil

Summary A good quality of castor wax was prepared in the laboratory at 100°C. and 45 p.s.i.g., using a modified palladium catalyst. The product obtained had an iodine value of 4, a hydroxy value of 145, and acid value of 1.8, and a capillary melting point of 86°.     

Deep Semisupervised Learning-Based Network Anomaly Detection in Heterogeneous Information Systems

The extensive proliferation of modern information services and ubiquitous digitization of society have raised cybersecurity challenges to new levels. With the massive number of connected devices, opportunities for potential network attacks are nearly unlimited. An additional problem is that many low-cost devices are not equipped with effective security protection so that they are easily hacked and applied within a network of bots (botnet) to perform distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) based on deep learning that aims to identify suspicious behavior in modern heterogeneous information systems. The proposed approach is based on a deep recurrent autoencoder that learns time series of normal network behavior and detects notable network anomalies. An additional feature of the proposed IDS is that it is trained with an optimized dataset, where the number of features is reduced by 94% without classification accuracy loss. Thus, the proposed IDS remains stable in response to slight system perturbations, which do not represent network anomalies. The proposed approach is evaluated under different simulation scenarios and provides a 99% detection accuracy over known datasets while reducing the training time by an order of magnitude.     

Theoretical Study of the Conditions of Maximum Manifestation of the Error Due to Inhomogeneity of Thermocouple Legs

The method of theoretical analysis of temperature ranges for the maximum manifestation of the error due to acquired thermoelectric inhomogeneity of thermocouple legs is proposed in this paper. The drift function of the reference function of a type K thermocouples in a ceramic insulation, that consisted of 1.2 mm diameter thermoelements after their exposure to 800 \(^{\circ }\)C for 10 000 h in an oxidizing atmosphere (air), is analyzed. The method takes into account various operating conditions to determine the optimal conditions for studying inhomogeneous thermocouples. The method can be applied for other types of thermocouples when taking into account their specific characteristics and the conditions that they have been exposed to.     

基于通道可靠性和异常抑制的目标跟踪算法

针对时空正则目标跟踪算法无法有效利用特征,为了缓解边界效应扩大搜索区域导致的滤波器倾向于从背景中学习的问题,提出基于通道可靠性和异常抑制的目标跟踪算法.构造通道正则项,在训练阶段求解不同特征通道对应的权重,实现对不同特征通道的加权,降低通道冗余并提高定位精度.在目标函数中加入异常抑制正则项,约束当前帧的响应图,实现滤波器模型的平滑约束.利用交替方向乘子法将求解目标问题转化为求滤波器、辅助因子以及通道权重的最优解.将所提算法在OTB2015、TempleColor128以及UAV20L公开数据集测试并与其他跟踪算法进行对比.实验结果表明,所提算法在快速运动、光照变化场景中的跟踪效果稳定,基本满足实时性要求.     

One-pot preparation of functionalized nanostructured carbons

Functionalized nanostructured carbons were obtained by template method using sucrose as carbon precursor and silica gel SG60 as structure directing agent. To introduce acid groups into carbon a different amount of phosphoric acid was added to sucrose (impregnation ratio 0–1) before filling the pores of silica gel. After carbonization at 800 °C silica template was removed by dissolution in HF. Carbons were characterized by SEM/EDX, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and acid–base titration. Pore size distributions (PSD) indicated that carbons obtained at impregnation (IR) of 0–0.75 have pores with size less than 4 nm due to crack during carbonization and activating action of phosphoric acid. Templated pores with 5.1 nm are observed in all carbons. PSD significantly changed at IR = 1 showing additional large mesopores of 8.2 nm. Acid–base titration revealed very high concentration of acid surface groups (4.1–4.7 mmol/g), significant amount of which (46 ± 3%) belongs to phosphate groups (pK = 2.3 ± 0.1). Another surface groups are weak carboxylic (pK = 5.9 ± 0.3), lactone and/or enol (pK = 7.2 ± 0.2, pK = 8.8 ± 0.3) and phenol groups (pK = 10.5 ± 0.3). SEM showed smooth carbon surface up to impregnation ratio 0.5 and increasing roughness at higher amount of phosphoric acid.     

Mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of boron carbide based three-layered laminates with weak interfaces

The effect of weak interfaces on failure mechanisms of a three-layered composite was studied. Three-layered B₄C/B₄C–C_nanofibers laminates have been produced using a hot pressing technique. The laminates were designed with thick (∼2.6 mm) outer layers of B₄C and a thin (∼90 μm) center layer of B₄C–70 wt.% C_nanofibers. Based on the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion and Young's moduli of the pure B₄C and B₄C–70 wt.% C_nanofibers layers, it was estimated that low tensile thermal residual stress with a magnitude of 11.3 ± 2.5 MPa was developed in the thick B₄C outer layers, and compressive residual stress with a magnitude of 455.7 ± 5 MPa was developed in the thin central B₄C–70 wt.% C_nanofibers layer. The apparent fracture toughness of laminates was measured and based on the estimated fracture toughness values, a threshold stress was calculated.     

The effect of colloidal solution of molybdenum nanoparticles on the microbial composition in rhizosphere of Cicer arietinum L.

The use of colloidal solutions of metals as micronutrients enhances plant resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions and ensures high yields of food crops due to the active penetration of nanoelements into the plant cells.Microbiological examination of rhizosphere soil have revealed that combined use of colloidal solution of nanoparticles of molybdenum (CSNM, 8 mg/l), and microbial preparation for pre-sowing inoculation of chickpea seeds stimulates the development of ‘agronomically valuable’ microflora. It was shown that combined seed treatment with colloidal solution of Mo nanoparticles with microbial preparation have stimulated nodule formation per plant by four times compared to controls. Single treatment with CSNM increased the number of nodules by two times, while the treatment of microbial preparation have not significantly affected the number of nodules per plant.

PACS

Colloids, 82.70.Dd; Ecology, 87.23.-n     

Investigation of the enhancing effects of sulfur and/or oxygen functional groups of nanoporous carbons on adsorption of dibenzothiophenes

Adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT) from simulated diesel fuel with 20 ppmw total concentration of sulfur was investigated on polymer-derived carbon containing various amounts of oxygen and sulfur incorporated to the surface. Initial and exhausted carbons were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, potentiometric titration, XPS, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Selectivities for DBT and DMDBT adsorption were calculated with reference to naphthalene. It was found that both the capacity and selectivity for DBT and DMDBT removal from model diesel fuel were affected by the content and arrangement of heteroatoms. Although both oxygen and sulfur containing groups enhance the capacity, the enhancing effects of surface chemistry were more pronounced on the carbon with sulfur incorporated to its matrix. This is linked to sulfur–sulfur interactions.     

Mathematical Modeling and Microbiological Verification of Ohmic Heating of a Multicomponent Mixture of Particles in a Continuous Flow Ohmic Heater System with Electric Field Parallel to Flow

To accomplish continuous flow ohmic heating of a low‐acid food product, sufficient heat treatment needs to be delivered to the slowest‐heating particle at the outlet of the holding section. This research was aimed at developing mathematical models for sterilization of a multicomponent food in a pilot‐scale ohmic heater with electric‐field‐oriented parallel to the flow and validating microbial inactivation by inoculated particle methods. The model involved 2 sets of simulations, one for determination of fluid temperatures, and a second for evaluating the worst‐case scenario. A residence time distribution study was conducted using radio frequency identification methodology to determine the residence time of the fastest‐moving particle from a sample of at least 300 particles. Thermal verification of the mathematical model showed good agreement between calculated and experimental fluid temperatures (P > 0.05) at heater and holding tube exits, with a maximum error of 0.6 °C. To achieve a specified target lethal effect at the cold spot of the slowest‐heating particle, the length of holding tube required was predicted to be 22 m for a 139.6 °C process temperature with volumetric flow rate of 1.0 × 10^?4 m³/s and 0.05 m in diameter. To verify the model, a microbiological validation test was conducted using at least 299 chicken‐alginate particles inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes spores per run. The inoculated pack study indicated the absence of viable microorganisms at the target treatment and its presence for a subtarget treatment, thereby verifying model predictions.