The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalyst. I. Hydrogenation of castor oil

Summary A good quality of castor wax was prepared in the laboratory at 100°C. and 45 p.s.i.g., using a modified palladium catalyst. The product obtained had an iodine value of 4, a hydroxy value of 145, and acid value of 1.8, and a capillary melting point of 86°.     

Surface properties of porous carbons obtained from polystyrene-based polymers within inorganic templates: role of polymer chemistry and inorganic template pore structure

Three inorganic adsorbents were applied as templates to produce porous carbons from polystyrene-based organic polymers. As matrices, amorphous silica gel, mesoporous alumina and microporous zeolite 13X were used. Organic precursors were polystyrene sulfonic acid (co-maleic acid) sodium salt and polystyrene co-maleic acid isobutyl/methyl mixed ester. The impregnated templates were carbonized at 800 °C. After removal of inorganic matrices porous carbons were obtained. Materials were characterized by adsorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, potentiometric titration and SEM. Owing to the template carbonization, highly mesoporous carbons were obtained (S_BET up to 1500 m²/g, V_t up to 3 cm³/g) with majority of pores with sizes between 20–200 Å. Although the carbons were not replicas of their matrices, the carbonization within the confined space with utilization of self-released pore formers resulted in unique carbonaceous materials with very acidic surface. That acidity is linked to either exothermic effect of sodium reactivity with moist air or susceptibility for air oxidation of small graphene layers formed in the confined pore space.     

The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalysts. VI. Hydrogenation for margarine

Satisfactory margarine stocks have been made with a palladium on carbon catalyst in laboratory, pilot plant, and plant processing. The catalyst was shown to make a satisfactory product even when, on continued re-use, the ratio of oil to metal used reached 400,000 to 1.     

One-pot preparation of functionalized nanostructured carbons

Functionalized nanostructured carbons were obtained by template method using sucrose as carbon precursor and silica gel SG60 as structure directing agent. To introduce acid groups into carbon a different amount of phosphoric acid was added to sucrose (impregnation ratio 0–1) before filling the pores of silica gel. After carbonization at 800 °C silica template was removed by dissolution in HF. Carbons were characterized by SEM/EDX, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and acid–base titration. Pore size distributions (PSD) indicated that carbons obtained at impregnation (IR) of 0–0.75 have pores with size less than 4 nm due to crack during carbonization and activating action of phosphoric acid. Templated pores with 5.1 nm are observed in all carbons. PSD significantly changed at IR = 1 showing additional large mesopores of 8.2 nm. Acid–base titration revealed very high concentration of acid surface groups (4.1–4.7 mmol/g), significant amount of which (46 ± 3%) belongs to phosphate groups (pK = 2.3 ± 0.1). Another surface groups are weak carboxylic (pK = 5.9 ± 0.3), lactone and/or enol (pK = 7.2 ± 0.2, pK = 8.8 ± 0.3) and phenol groups (pK = 10.5 ± 0.3). SEM showed smooth carbon surface up to impregnation ratio 0.5 and increasing roughness at higher amount of phosphoric acid.     

基于通道可靠性和异常抑制的目标跟踪算法

针对时空正则目标跟踪算法无法有效利用特征,为了缓解边界效应扩大搜索区域导致的滤波器倾向于从背景中学习的问题,提出基于通道可靠性和异常抑制的目标跟踪算法.构造通道正则项,在训练阶段求解不同特征通道对应的权重,实现对不同特征通道的加权,降低通道冗余并提高定位精度.在目标函数中加入异常抑制正则项,约束当前帧的响应图,实现滤波器模型的平滑约束.利用交替方向乘子法将求解目标问题转化为求滤波器、辅助因子以及通道权重的最优解.将所提算法在OTB2015、TempleColor128以及UAV20L公开数据集测试并与其他跟踪算法进行对比.实验结果表明,所提算法在快速运动、光照变化场景中的跟踪效果稳定,基本满足实时性要求.     

Efficient and effective training of sparse recurrent neural networks

Neural Computing and Applications - Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performances on various applications. However, RNNs are prone to be memory-bandwidth limited in...     

Defects in Hybrid Perovskites: The Secret of Efficient Charge Transport

The interaction of free carriers with defects and some critical defect properties are still unclear in methylammonium lead halide perovskites (MHPs). Here, a multi-method approach is used to quantify and characterize defects in single crystal MAPbI₃, giving a cross-checked overview of their properties. Time of flight current waveform spectroscopy reveals the interaction of carriers with five shallow and deep defects. Photo-Hall and thermoelectric effect spectroscopy assess the defect density, cross-section, and relative (to the valence band) energy. The detailed reconstruction of free carrier relaxation through Monte Carlo simulation allows for quantifying the lifetime, mobility, and diffusion length of holes and electrons separately. Here, it is demonstrated that the dominant part of defects releases free carriers after trapping; this happens without non-radiative recombination with consequent positive effects on the photoconversion and charge transport properties. On the other hand, shallow traps decrease drift mobility sensibly. The results are the key for the optimization of the charge transport properties and defects in MHP and contribute to the research aiming to improve perovskite stability. This study paves the way for doping and defect control, enhancing the scalability of perovskite devices with large diffusion lengths and lifetimes.     

Role of graphite precursor in the performance of graphite oxides as ammonia adsorbents

Graphite oxide was synthesized from three commercial graphites. The samples were used as adsorbents of ammonia at dry and wet conditions. Exceptionally high capacities reaching 10 wt% were measured. The initial and exhausted materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, XRD, FTIR, TA, and potentiometric titration. The results showed differences in the texture and chemistry of adsorbents depending on the type of graphite precursor whose features determine the mechanism of ammonia adsorption. The strongly adsorbed species are either interacting with carboxylic groups to form salts, or with epoxy groups to form amines. A small amount of ammonia is weakly adsorbed via dispersive interactions or dissolved in the film of adsorbed water. As the concentration of amorphous carbon in the initial graphite increases, the ammonia removal capacity on the derived graphite oxide is improved.     

Textural and chemical factors affecting adsorption capacity of activated carbon in highly efficient desulfurization of diesel fuel

Two synthetic, polymer-derived carbons, and two commercial carbons were investigated as adsorbents of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene from simulated diesel fuel in dynamic conditions. The total concentration of sulfur was 20 ppm. The surface features of the carbons were evaluated using adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration, Boehm titration, thermal analysis and FTIR. The polymer-derived carbons outperformed the commercial micro- and micro/mesoporous carbons from the point of view of adsorption capacity and selectivity. The latter was evaluated based on the adsorption of naphthalene, which was also present in the fuel used. It was found that the presence of arenes did not affect significantly the capacity measured. The results suggest that the amount adsorbed is mainly governed by the volume of micropores, where dispersive interactions are predominant. Acidic groups located in larger pores are also important to attract additional molecules DBT and 4,6-DMDBT via specific interactions with the progress of adsorption. These groups may also contribute to the reactive adsorption leading to oxidation of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT.